uid=HFR,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read doi:10.6073/pasta/5eff5e94b8cc1792b2bfb156005ce5c7 Elizabeth Farnsworth Fakhri Bazzaz Sonia Careaga Researcher Juan Nunez-Farfan Researcher 2023 English

Beginning in April 1992, the spring following initiation of soil warming, all woody individuals between 5 mm and 35 mm basal diameter were identified to species (Table 1) and labelled with numbered plastic tags wrapped around the main stem. A subset of larger trees was also monitored (n=12 in heated and control plots; n=15 in disturbance-control plots). Total sample sizes were 109 woody individuals in control and heated plots, and 115 in disturbance-control plots. In April and September of 1992 and 1993, diameter (± 0.1 mm) was measured at two orthogonal locations at the base of the main stem of each plant, as an index of growth over the season. To obtain mean relative diameter increments from April to September 1992 and 1993, the orthogonal diameter measures at each sampling date were first averaged. Relative increments were then calculated for each year separately as ((AvgDiamSept - AvgDiamApr)/AvgDiamApr). Resulting values were arcsin-square root transformed to equalize variances, and investigated with ANOVA using soil treatment as a fixed factor in a randomized block design. At 8 spring-summer sampling dates in 1992 and 13 sampling dates in 1993, the phenological status of each of the marked woody individuals was noted. Individuals were inspected for evidence of leaves and reproductive structures, and placed into 1 of 8 phenological states occurring roughly in chronological order: 1) leaf buds closed; 2) buds opening; 3) new leaves expanding; 4) fully expanded leaves with emerging new leaf pair; 5) reproductive (flowers or fruits present); 6) more than 50 % of leaves changing color; 7) more than 50 % of leaves brown or abscised; 8) all leaves dropped. For statistical analyses, data on the phenology of reproduction and leaf production were considered separately. Percentages of all woody individuals reproducing per quadrat were calculated for each year, in three growth classes: trees (greater than 25 cm basal diameter), saplings ( 25 cm basal diameter), and shrub species. Six values of percent reproductives per treatment per growth class per year were obtained. Individuals on which folivory occurred were recorded. Mortality of labelled individuals was noted. In order to quantify average area per leaf and leaf expansion rates throughout the 1992 season, we measured the length of the midrib of at least six randomly chosen leaves per plant, in shrubs and saplings in each plot. Leaf area was calculated subsequently from non-destructive leaf length measures, from quadratic regressions of leaf area on leaf length obtained for a sample of 60 randomly collected leaves from each species (r2 between 0.925 and 0.977).

In each 5 x 5 m plot, a 1 x 1 m subplot was randomly designated for monitoring herbaceous flora (less than 5 mm basal diameter) and tree seedlings (species appear in Table 1). Each subplot was observed from 1992-1993. At all sampling dates, all ramets of each species present in the subplot were counted to determine stem density (per m2). Species richness, diversity and evenness values per plot were derived from these censuses. Diversity was calculated as the Shannon-Weiner index H = - piln(pi) where pi is the proportion of the ith species in each subplot. Evenness was scored as J = H /ln(S) where S = species richness in each subplot (scale of 0 to 1 where 0 indicates disproportionate dominance of a few taxa). As an index of vegetative propagation activity and ramet mortality, relative changes in ramet density from 5 June 1992 to 17 May 1993 (dates of density maxima) were computed as ((Density1993 - Density1993)/(Density1992)). The percentage of individuals in vegetative, flowering, fruiting, and fruit dehiscence phases was also recorded for each species in 1993. For the few ramets that actually reproduced, fruit set was quantified as an index of reproductive output. Because the two dominant forest floor herbs, Uvularia sessilifolia L. and Maianthemum canadense Desf. showed accelerated appearance in heated plots (see below), their photosynthetic rates were characterized to investigate whether soil warming was influencing plant metabolism. One ramet per species growing naturally in full sun (more than 600 Em-2s-1) and one growing in shade (less than 300 Em-2s-1) was selected in each subplot (n = 6 ramets/species/light environment/soil treatment; total = 72). In situ photosynthesis measurements were made on one fully expanded leaf per ramet between 10 am and 2 pm (cloudless day), May 22, 1994, using a Li-Cor 6200 Photosynthesis system (Li-Cor, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) fitted with a 1/4-litre cuvette. Sun and shade ramets were examined to obtain a range of photosynthesis values for each species, and to ensure that treatment effects were not obscured by light limitation.

Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu https://ror.org/059cpzx98 pointOfContact The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts. National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210. hf033-01-diameter.csv diameter growth hf033-01-diameter.csv 44486 0e7fe3a44fd07a50bf1c5a19b18e5060 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf033/hf033-01-diameter.csv treat treatment 1 intact control 2 disturbance control 3 heated block block into which treatment fell (6 blocks of each of 3 treatments) block into which treatment fell (6 blocks of each of 3 treatments) quad quadrat number (1 through 18) quadrat number (1 through 18) num number of each plant in quadrant number of each plant in quadrant species species aaga Amelanchier arborea bbhch Vaccinium vacillans bbhg Vaccinium corymbosum beech Fagus grandifolia blach Prunus serotina chest Castanea dentata crata Acer rubrum rm Acer rubrum ro Quercus rubra sa Sorbus americana sm Acer pensylvanicum vest Viburnum lentago viac1 Viburnum acerifolium wo Quercus alba d1apr23 first stem diameter taken on April 23, 1993 millimeter 0.1 real NA missing value d2apr23 second (orthogonal) diameter taken on April 23 millimeter 0.1 real NA missing value d1may24 first stem diameter taken on May 24, 1993 millimeter 0.1 real NA missing value d2may24 Second (orthogonal) diameter taken on May 24, 1993 millimeter 0.1 real NA missing value d1jul9 First stem diameter taken on July 9, 1993 millimeter 0.1 real NA missing value d2jul9 Second (orthogonal) diameter taken on July 9, 1993 millimeter 0.1 real NA missing value d1sep25 First stem diameter taken on September 25, 1993 millimeter 0.1 real NA missing value d2sep25 Second (orthogonal) diameter taken on September 25, 1993 millimeter 0.1 real NA missing value aprdavg mean of the two orthogonal diameters taken in April millimeter 0.01 real NA missing value juldavg mean of the two orthogonal diameters taken in July millimeter 0.01 real NA missing value septdavg mean of the two orthogonal diameters taken in September millimeter 0.01 real NA missing value growthaj relative growth in diameter between April and July=(JulDAvg - AprDAvg)/AprDAvg millimeter 0.000000001 real NA missing value growthjs relative growth in diameter between July and September millimeter 0.000000001 real NA missing value growthas relative growth in diameter between April and September millimeter 0.000000001 real NA missing value papr16 phenological status of plant on April 16, 1993 1 leaf buds only present papr23 phenological status of plant on April 23, 1993 1 leaf buds only present 1.5 leaves just emerging 2 leaves expanding 5 mature leaves and fruits present pmay2 phenological status of plant on May 2, 1993 1 leaf buds only present 1.5 leaves just emerging 2 leaves expanding pmay17 phenological status of plant on May 17, 1993 2.5 50% expanded leaves 3 fully expanded young leaves 3.5 50% mature leaves 4.5 mature leaves and flowers present pmay24 phenological status of plant on May 24, 1993 1.5 leaves just emerging 2.5 50% expanded leaves 3 fully expanded young leaves 3.5 50% mature leaves 4 mature leaves present 4.5 mature leaves and flowers present 5 mature leaves and fruits present pjun7 phenological status of plant on June 7, 1993 3 fully expanded young leaves 3.5 50% mature leaves 5 mature leaves and fruits present pjul9 phenological status of plant on July 9, 1993 3 fully expanded young leaves 3.5 50% mature leaves 4.5 mature leaves and flowers present 5 mature leaves and fruits present pjul23 phenological status of plant on July 23, 1993 3 fully expanded young leaves 3.5 50% mature leaves 4.5 mature leaves and flowers present 5 mature leaves and fruits present paug11 phenological status of plant on August 11, 1993 3 fully expanded young leaves 3.5 50% mature leaves 5 mature leaves and fruits present psep9 phenological status of plant on September 9, 1993 3 fully expanded young leaves 3.5 50% mature leaves 4.5 mature leaves and flowers present psep25 phenological status of plant on September 25, 1993 3 fully expanded young leaves 3.5 50% mature leaves 4.5 mature leaves and flowers present poct23 phenological status of plant on October 23, 1993 7 leaves turned color 8 some leaves abscised 9 all leaves abscised 341 hf033-02-herbs.csv herbacious plants hf033-02-herbs.csv 1072 79fb854dbf8e6324333fd55e3627e429 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf033/hf033-02-herbs.csv quad quadrat number quadrat number block block number block number treat treatment 1 intact control 2 disturbance control 3 heated s192 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Maianthemum canadense occurring in the soil warming plots in 1992 number 1 natural NA missing value s193 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Maianthemum canadense occurring in the soil warming plots in 1993 number 1 natural NA missing value s292 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Uvularia sessilifolia occurring in the soil warming plots in 1992 number 1 whole NA missing value s293 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Uvularia sessilifolia occurring in the soil warming plots in 1993 number 1 whole NA missing value s492 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Lycopodium obscurum occurring in the soil warming plots in 1992 number 1 whole NA missing value s493 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Lycopodium obscurum occurring in the soil warming plots in 1993 number 1 whole NA missing value s592 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Lycopodium annotinum occurring in the soil warming plots in 1992 number 1 whole NA missing value s593 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Lycopodium annotinum occurring in the soil warming plots in 1993 number 1 whole NA missing value s692 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Gaultheria procumbens occurring in the soil warming plots in 1992 number 1 whole NA missing value s693 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Gaultheria procumbens occurring in the soil warming plots in 1993 number 1 whole NA missing value s792 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Medeola virginiana occurring in the soil warming plots in 1992 number 1 whole NA missing value s793 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Medeola virginiana occurring in the soil warming plots in 1993 number 1 whole NA missing value s992 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Aralia nudicaulis occurring in the soil warming plots in 1992 number 1 whole NA missing value s993 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Aralia nudicaulis occurring in the soil warming plots in 1993 number 1 whole NA missing value s1092 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Trientalis borealis occurring in the soil warming plots in 1992 number 1 whole NA missing value s1093 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Trientalis borealis occurring in the soil warming plots in 1993 number 1 whole NA missing value s1192 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Clintonia borealis occurring in the soil warming plots in 1992 number 1 whole NA missing value s1193 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Clintonia borealis occurring in the soil warming plots in 1993 number 1 whole NA missing value s1292 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Dennsteadtia punctilobula occurring in the soil warming plots in 1992 number 1 whole NA missing value s1293 maximal density (number of ramets per square meter) of Dennsteadtia punctilobula occurring in the soil warming plots in 1993 number 1 whole NA missing value 18 hf033-03-photo.csv photosynthetic rates hf033-03-photo.csv 4415 b8e4b582c398ea79ad91e811de76f3a4 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf033/hf033-03-photo.csv quad quadrat number quadrat number treat treatment 1 intact control 2 disturbance control 3 heated species species of plant whose photosynthetic rate was measured m Maianthemum canadense u Uvularia sessilifolia light light level at which photosynthetic rate was measured 0 shade (less than 300 uE/m2/s) 1 sun (greater than 600 uE/m2/s) photo1 photosynthetic rate (umol CO2/m2/s), three measurements each over 30 seconds micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value photo2 photosynthetic rate (umol CO2/m2/s), three measurements each over 30 seconds micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value photo3 photosynthetic rate (umol CO2/m2/s), three measurements each over 30 seconds micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value meanphot mean of the three photosynthetic measurements per leaf micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.000001 real NA missing value trans1 calculated transpiration rates from Li-Cor measurements molePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value trans2 calculated transpiration rates from Li-Cor measurements molePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value trans3 calculated transpiration rates from Li-Cor measurements molePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value meantran mean of the three transpiration measurements per leaf molePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.000001 real NA missing value 72 plot community short-term measurement https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf005