uid=HFR,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read doi:10.6073/pasta/bc66cbf555b4de991b2a947106ba6f0b Sebastian Catovsky Fakhri Bazzaz 2023 English

Human activities are effecting profound changes in the structure and function of natural ecosystems. A comprehensive understanding of current ecosystem dynamics and future responses to global change requires an integrated investigation of ecological processes at many levels of organization. My thesis research addressed this goal by examining interactions between community- and ecosystem-level dynamics in mixed conifer broad-leaved forests in eastern North America. I addressed the nature of canopy-seedling feedbacks in mixed forests by relating seedling regeneration patterns in contrasting stand types to understory conditions (EXPERIMENT 1), and by directly manipulating resource availability to separate the individual effects of particular resources (EXPERIMENT 2). To investigate how nitrogen deposition will influence future forest composition, I examined the impact of increased nitrogen availability on regeneration of both coniferous and broad-leaved tree species under both closed canopy (EXPERIMENT 3) and simulated gap (EXPERIMENT 4) conditions. Future changes in forest composition might then influence whole-ecosystem productivity. I used two scaling approaches (leaf-level aggregation, EXPERIMENT 5; whole-tree sap flow, EXPERIMENT 6), I examined how the dominant coniferous and broad-leaved species in mixed temperate forests differed in their contributions to canopy-level photosynthesis.

community patterns litter nitrogen regeneration LTER controlled vocabulary populations disturbance land use human-environment LTER core area Harvard Forest HFR LTER USA HFR default

This dataset is released to the public under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (No Rights Reserved). Please keep the dataset creators informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset should include proper acknowledgement.

Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html CC0-1.0 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf035 Prospect Hill Tract (Harvard Forest). Coordinates based on WGS84 datum. -72.18 -72.18 +42.53 +42.53 340 340 meter 1996 2000 genus Acer species rubrum red maple species saccharum sugar maple genus Betula species alleghaniensis yellow birch genus Picea species rubra red spruce genus Pinus species strobus white pine genus Tsuga species canadensis hemlock complete Information Manager Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 hf-im@lists.fas.harvard.edu Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu

Experiments were conducted on the Prospect Hill Tract of the Harvard Forest using common conifer (white pine, hemlock, red spruce) and deciduous (red maple, sugar maple, yellow birch) tree species.

Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu https://ror.org/059cpzx98 pointOfContact The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts. National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210. hf035-01-e1-demog.csv exp 1 - seedling demography hf035-01-e1-demog.csv 294903 4d05b39cb6768707e14573e9b4ed45ea 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-01-e1-demog.csv year year of study (1997 - 1999) YYYY stand stand type (Hemlock, Red oak), with dominant species contributing more than 50 % basal area Hemlock Hemlock Red oak Red oak site site number site number plot plot number plot number species species code ACRU red maple BEAL birch PIST white pine QURU red oak TSCA hemlock cohort month that seedlings emerged June June July July Aug August june number of surviving seedlings in each cohort in June number 1 whole NA missing value july number of surviving seedlings in each cohort in July number 1 whole NA missing value aug number of surviving seedlings in each cohort in August number 1 whole NA missing value sept number of surviving seedlings in each cohort in September number 1 whole NA missing value 8100 hf035-02-e1-age.csv exp 1 - seedling age structure hf035-02-e1-age.csv 107282 adbfca9574dfc57d43a9a15ccfc5b377 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-02-e1-age.csv year year of study (1997 - 1999) YYYY stand stand type (Hemlock, Red oak), with dominant species contributing more than 50 % basal area Hemlock Hemlock Red oak Red oak site site number site number plot plot number plot number species species code ACRU red maple BEAL birch PIST white pine QURU red oak TSCA hemlock age1 number of one year old seedlings at end of growing season number 1 whole NA missing value age2 number of two year old seedlings at end of growing season number 1 whole NA missing value age3 number of three year old seedlings at end of growing season number 1 whole NA missing value age4 number of four year old seedlings at end of growing season number 1 whole NA missing value age5 number of five year old seedlings at end of growing season number 1 whole NA missing value age6 number of six year old seedlings at end of growing season number 1 whole NA missing value age7 number of seven year old seedlings at end of growing season number 1 whole NA missing value age.over7 number of seedlings older than seven years old but smaller than 50 cm height (i.e., saplings) at end of growing season number 1 whole NA missing value 2700 hf035-03-e1-environ.csv exp 1 - plot environmental conditions hf035-03-e1-environ.csv 14388 bc3c8752876c3210858ead6114c607e2 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-03-e1-environ.csv stand stand type (Hemlock, Red oak), with dominant species contributing more than 50 % basal area Hemlock Hemlock Red oak Red oak site site number site number plot plot number plot number per.par.1m light availability at 1 m height number 0.001 real NA missing value per.par.5cm light availability at 5 cm height number 0.001 real NA missing value mineralization nitrogen mineralization rate as assessed by buried bag technique milligramPerKilogramPerMonth 0.001 real NA missing value resin.nh ammonium availability assessed by ion exchange resin bags milligramPerKilogram 0.001 real NA missing value resin.no nitrate availability assessed by ion exchange resin bags milligramPerKilogram 0.001 real NA missing value o.water volumetric water content averaged over 1997 and 1999 in O horizon cubicCentimetersPerCubicCentimeters 0.001 real NA missing value min.water volumetric water content averaged over 1997 and 1999 in mineral horizon (to 15 cm depth) cubicCentimetersPerCubicCentimeters 0.001 real NA missing value ph soil pH in O horizon number 0.01 real NA missing value o.depth depth of O horizon centimeter 0.1 real NA missing value litter.d depth of litter layer centimeter 0.1 real NA missing value conifer.litter dry weight of conifer litter fall gramsPerSquareMeter 0.01 real NA missing value broad.litter Dry weight of broad-leaved litter fall gramsPerSquareMeter 0.01 real NA missing value 180 hf035-04-e1-seed-rain.csv exp 1 - seed rain hf035-04-e1-seed-rain.csv 48337 598ba1cc7b1da1c9010cb7f92f71af57 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-04-e1-seed-rain.csv year year of collection (1997, 1998) YYYY stand stand type (Hemlock, Red oak), with dominant species contributing more than 50 % basal area Hemlock Hemlock Red oak Red oak site site number site number plot plot number plot number species species code ACRU red maple BEAL yellow/black birch BEPA paper/grey birch QURU red oak TSCA hemlock rain seed rain adjacent to plot squareMeter 1 real NA missing value 1800 hf035-05-e2-demog-growth.csv exp 2 - seedling demography and growth hf035-05-e2-demog-growth.csv 8511 e882114da9cf70d7989f3f74b742b3e9 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-05-e2-demog-growth.csv transect transect number transect number plot plot number plot number light light treatment High 50 % PAR Low 1.5 % PAR soil soil treatments Control control Nitrogen 5 g N m-2 yr-1 pH 1 Kg lime m-2 yr-1 species species codes BEAL birch Herb blackberry, wintergreen, blueberry PIST white pine TSCA hemlock emerging number of seedlings per soil divot coming up from soil seed bank number 1 whole NA missing value surviving number of seedlings surviving until the end of the growing season number 1 whole NA missing value biomass mean biomass (g) of seedlings surviving until end of growing season; NA shows no seedlings survived gram 0.001 real NA missing value 288 hf035-06-e3-demog.csv exp 3 - seedling demography hf035-06-e3-demog.csv 145934 728ab4629546b00b6d65b94bf6e95134 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-06-e3-demog.csv treatment experimental treatments Seed addition seed addition Natural regeneration natural regeneration Planted seedlings planted seedlings year year of study (1998, 1999) YYYY stand stand type (Hemlock, Red oak), with dominant species contributing more than 50 % basal area Hemlock Hemlock Red oak Red oak site site number site number nitrogen Nitrogen addition level 0 no nitrogen added 2 2.5 g N m-2 yr-1 added 7 7.5 g N m-2 yr-1 added plot plot number plot number species species code ACRU red maple ACSA sugar maple BEAL birch PIRU red spruce PIST white pine TSCA hemlock age seedling age (1 to 2 years old) seedling age cohort month that seedlings emerged July July June June Aug August NA seedlings more than one year old that no longer are assigned to a cohort june number of surviving seedlings in each cohort in June number 1 whole NA missing value july number of surviving seedlings in each cohort in July number 1 whole NA missing value aug number of surviving seedlings in each cohort in August number 1 whole NA missing value sept number of surviving seedlings in each cohort in September number 1 whole NA missing value oct number of surviving seedlings in each cohort in October number 1 whole NA missing value winter number of surviving seedlings in each cohort over winter number 1 whole NA missing value 2304 hf035-07-e3-growth.csv exp 3 - seedling growth hf035-07-e3-growth.csv 49665 669f215af45ef2e42a20b81280acb3cd 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-07-e3-growth.csv treatment experimental treatments Seed addition seed addition Natural regeneration natural regeneration Planted seedlings planted seedlings stand stand type (Hemlock, Red oak), with dominant species contributing more than 50 % basal area Hemlock Hemlock Red oak Red oak site site number site number nitrogen Nitrogen addition level 0 no nitrogen added 2 2.5 g N m-2 yr-1 added 7 7.5 g N m-2 yr-1 added plot plot number plot number species species code ACRU red maple ACSA sugar maple BEAL birch PIRU red spruce PIST white pine TSCA hemlock age seedling age (1 - 6 years old) seedling age leaf final seedling leaf biomass (mg); missing for Seed addition and Natural regeneration treatments milligram 0.01 real NA missing value stem final seedling stem biomass (mg); missing for Seed addition and Natural regeneration treatments milligram 0.01 real NA missing value root final seedling root biomass (mg); missing for Seed addition and Natural regeneration treatments milligram 0.01 real NA missing value total final seedling total biomass (mg) milligram 0.01 real NA missing value 796 hf035-08-e3-environ.csv exp 3 - plot environmental conditions hf035-08-e3-environ.csv 2827 83a21d9d8be3f7e32e2ab11c15340db0 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-08-e3-environ.csv stand stand type (Hemlock, Red oak), with dominant species contributing more than 50 % basal area Hemlock Hemlock Red oak Red oak site site number site number n nitrogen addition level 0 no nitrogen added 2 2.5 g N m-2 yr-1 added 7 7.5 g N m-2 yr-1 added plot plot number plot number ph soil pH in O horizon number 0.01 real NA missing value water volumetric water content in O horizon cubicCentimetersPerCubicCentimeters 0.0001 real NA missing value par.canopy % penetration of light through canopy layer (top of canopy to 1 m) number 0.001 real NA missing value par.herb % penetration of light through herbaceous layer (1 m to 5 cm) number 0.001 real NA missing value nh4 ammonium availability assessed by ion exchange resin bags milligramPerKilogram 0.0001 real NA missing value no3 nitrate availability assessed by ion exchange resin bags milligramPerKilogram 0.0001 real NA missing value 54 hf035-09-e4-indiv.csv exp 4 - individual seedling growth hf035-09-e4-indiv.csv 15247 11b86790fc25f97c2d8cdcc5c20eeacb 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-09-e4-indiv.csv soil soil type (from Hemlock or Red oak dominated stand), with dominant species contributing more than 50 % basal area Red oak Red oak Hemlock Hemlock site site number site number species species code ACRU red maple ACSA sugar maple BEAL yellow birch PIRU red spruce PIST white pine TSCA hemlock nitrogen nitrogen addition level 0 no nitrogen added 2 2.5 g N m-2 yr-1 added 7 7.5 g N m-2 yr-1 added block block number block number leaf final seedling leaf biomass gram 0.001 real NA missing value stem final seedling stem biomass gram 0.001 real NA missing value root final seedling root biomass gram 0.001 real NA missing value total final seedling total biomass gram 0.001 real NA missing value n.weight foliar nitrogen concentration on a weight basis milligramPerGram 0.01 real NA missing value n.area foliar nitrogen concentration on an area basis milligramPerCentimeterSquared 0.001 real NA missing value 262 hf035-10-e4-stand.csv exp 4 - seedling growth in stands hf035-10-e4-stand.csv 35028 3dbbde44f1f2848856bbc6684c49d03f 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-10-e4-stand.csv soil soil type (from Hemlock or Red oak dominated stand), with dominant species contributing more than 50 % basal area Hm hemlock Hd red oak site site number site number nitrogen Nitrogen addition level - 0, 2.5, 7.5 g N m-2 yr-1 0 no nitrogen added 2 2.5 g N m-2 yr-1 added 7 7.5 g N m-2 yr-1 added block block number block number species species code ACRU red maple ACSA sugar maple BEAL yellow birch PIRU red spruce PIST white pine TSCA hemlock rep replicate within stand replicate stand individual stand identification individual stand identification leaf final seedling leaf biomass gram 0.001 real NA missing value stem final seedling stem biomass gram 0.001 real NA missing value root final seedling root biomass gram 0.001 real NA missing value total final seedling total biomass gram 0.001 real NA missing value 781 hf035-11-e5-photo.csv exp 5 - leaf level photosynthesis hf035-11-e5-photo.csv 22770 246c2e9cccb07f28c4354150d4d284f2 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-11-e5-photo.csv month month of measurement June June Aug August site site number site number species species code ACRU red maple QURU red oak TSCA hemlock layer canopy layer 1 upper 2 middle 3 lower age age classes for hemlock needles shown as year of leaf formation (1996, 1995, 1994); broad-leaved species shown with a "NA" age class sun.shade sunlit or shaded leaves SUN sunlit leaves SHADE shaded leaves photo instantaneous leaf-level photosynthetic rate micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value light Photosynthetically active radiation falling on individual leaves micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.1 real NA missing value 648 hf035-12-e6-canopy.csv exp 6 - canopy fluxes and micrometeorology hf035-12-e6-canopy.csv 108232 20ad555f6dfea9e753161d88a1ff190b 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-12-e6-canopy.csv datetime date and time YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm doy day of year nominalDay 1 whole time time of day nominalHour 1 whole sap.tsca hemlock sap flow (average of three trees) scaled to projected canopy area millimolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value sap.acru red maple sap flow (average of three trees) scaled to projected canopy area millimolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value sap.quru red oak sap flow (average of three trees) scaled to projected canopy area millimolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value photo.tsca hemlock photosynthesis (average of three trees) scaled to projected canopy area micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value photo.acru red maple photosynthesis (average of three trees) scaled to projected canopy area; times when trees were leafless shown as "NA" micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value photo.quru red oak photosynthesis (average of three trees) scaled to projected canopy area; times when trees were leafless shown as "NA" micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value airt air temperature celsius 0.01 real NA missing value rh Relative humidity, % number 0.01 real NA missing value wind1 wind speed in upper canopy metersPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value wind2 wind speed in lower canopy metersPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value t1tsca hemlock leaf temperature in upper canopy celsius 0.01 real NA missing value t2tsca hemlock leaf temperature in lower canopy celsius 0.01 real NA missing value t1.acru red maple leaf temperature in upper canopy; times when trees were leafless shown as "NA" celsius 0.01 real NA missing value t2.acru red maple leaf temperature in lower canopy; times when trees were leafless shown as "NA" celsius 0.01 real NA missing value t1.quru red oak leaf temperature in upper canopy; times when trees were leafless shown as "NA" celsius 0.01 real NA missing value t2.quru red oak leaf temperature in lower canopy; times when trees were leafless shown as "NA" celsius 0.01 real NA missing value 960 hf035-13-e6-leaf.csv exp 6 - leaf level gas exchange hf035-13-e6-leaf.csv 25892 a137fb9c34c11b5ee09710049d6dac27 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p03/hf035/hf035-13-e6-leaf.csv month month of measurement May May July July Sept September species species code ACRU red maple QURU red oak TSCA hemlock tree tree number tree number layer canopy layer Lower lower Upper upper age age classes for hemlock needles shown as year of leaf formation (1999, 1998, 1997); broad-leaved species shown with a "NA" age class photo instantaneous leaf-level photosynthetic rate micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value cond instantaneous leaf-level conductance molePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.001 real NA missing value 748 community short-term measurement milligramPerKilogramPerMonth milligramPerGram milligramPerCentimeterSquared millimolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond