uid=HFR,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read doi:10.6073/pasta/948ab5fa297bdad159565ca3018cd734 Jesse Bellemare https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8451-9317 Glenn Motzkin David Foster https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1171-3762 Researcher 2023 English

In rich mesic forests, modern vegetation varies among primary versus post-agricultural, secondary forests, in part as a result of differential rate and ability of forest herbs to colonize after disturbance. Species with seeds lacking morphological adaptations for dispersal (barochores) and those which produce seeds with elaisomes to encourage ant dispersal (myrmecochores) may remain less frequent in secondary forests for decades or more.

herbs land use seed dispersal vegetation dynamics LTER controlled vocabulary disturbance LTER core area Harvard Forest HFR LTER USA HFR default

This dataset is released to the public under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (No Rights Reserved). Please keep the dataset creators informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset should include proper acknowledgement.

Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html CC0-1.0 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf089 Western Massachusetts. Coordinates based on WGS84 datum. -73.4 -72.4 +42.7 +42.0 1999 2001 complete Information Manager Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 hf-im@lists.fas.harvard.edu Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu

Rich Mesic Forest (RMF), a northeastern variant of the species-rich Mixed Mesophytic Forest Type of eastern North America, is an Acer saccharum-dominated community typically associated with calcareous bedrock and nutrient-rich, mull humus soils. This study undertook a quantitative classification of the Rich Mesic Forests of the eastern edge of the Berkshire Plateau in western Massachusetts. Cluster analysis of vegetation data from ten primary forest and well-developed secondary forest sites identified two subtypes within the RMF community, the Dicentra-Polystichum Association and Allium-Caulophyllum Association. In addition, two classes were distinguished within the Dicentra-Polystichum Association. Ordination of vegetation data using detrended correspondence analysis identified increased soil pH and calcium concentrations as key environmental factors associated with the differentiation of RMF from the typical northern and transition hardwoods vegetation of the region. On sites with high soil pH and nutrients, vegetation variation was primarily associated with physiography, particularly the presence of exposed bedrock and solar insolation levels as controlled by slope and aspect. Vegetation and environmental conditions were assessed for 36 20 x 20 m plots in 10 primary and well-developed secondary Rich Mesic Forest stands in varying physiographic settings in western Massachusetts. Plots were sub-divided into four 10 x 10 m subplots (= 144 subplots) in which herb layer cover and environmental measurements were made and subsequently averaged for the whole plot. Nomenclature follows Gleason and Cronquist (1991). Live and dead trees at least 2.5 cm diameter at breast height were tallied for species, canopy position, and diameter at breast height (DBH). Herb layer species percent cover, including tree seedlings and shrubs were assessed using modified Braun-Blanquet cover classes: 0-1%, 1-12%, 12-50%, 50-75% and 75%+; cover of exposed bedrock, rocks, and coarse woody debris (CWD) was also estimated. All plant species less than 1 m in height, including woody taxa, are included in the herb layer data. However, records of Panax quinquefolius are not included in this data set. Aspect and slope were recorded in each subplot. To assess microtopography, terrain shape index (TSI) values were calculated by measuring slope in eight directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, and NW). Seeps, streams, and a qualitative assessment of soil moisture class were noted. Distance to the nearest bedrock outcrop was estimated to within 5 meters up to 50 meters. Solar insolation for each plot during the month of May was calculated using a model developed by Ollinger et al. (1995) incorporating aspect, slope, elevation, latitude and longitude. Mineral soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected from the center of each plot using a 15 cm PVC cylindrical corer with an inside diameter of 5.1 cm. Samples were air-dried, and then oven dried at 105 deg C for 48 hours. Bulk density was calculated after samples were sieved to 2 mm. Sub-samples of each soil core were analyzed by Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH to determine total exchange capacity (TEC) and cation concentrations, pH, percent organic matter, and particle size distribution. Soil carbon and nitrogen content were measured on a Fisons C:N analyzer (Fisons Instruments, Beverly, MA, USA) at Harvard Forest after sub-samples were pulverized with mortar and pestle and oven-dried for 12 hours at 70 deg C. Agglomerative cluster analyses were used to classify plots into vegetation associations and classes. Data were ordinated (DCA; detrended correspondence analysis) to identify patterns of vegetation variation and to relate these to environmental gradients.

Rich Mesic Forests (RMF) are a species-rich northeastern variant of the Mixed Mesophytic Forest Type of eastern North America. To evaluate the relative importance of historical and environmental controls on RMF vegetation variation, this study investigated the effects of past agricultural land-use on the composition and structure of RMF in the towns of Conway and Shelburne, Massachusetts. The study area has a well-documented agricultural history beginning in the late 18th century with European settlement. During the 19th century up to 80% of the landscape was cleared for pasture and farmland. With the regional decline of agriculture in the late 19th century, natural reforestation has resulted in ~ 75% forest cover at present. Persistent compositional differences between continuously forested stands and post-agricultural forests indicate that distribution patterns for many species still strongly reflect the agricultural landscape of the 19th century, despite the current predominance of forest. A major factor driving modern RMF vegetation patterns is the ability and rate of colonization by forest herbs. In particular, species with seeds lacking morphological adaptations for dispersal and those which produce seeds with elaiosomes to encourage ant dispersal may remain less frequent in secondary forests for decades or more. To evaluate the relative influence of current environmental conditions and site history on forest communities, vegetation and soils were sampled in stands with varying land-use histories selected using the following criteria: (i) occurrence on easterly slopes, (ii) Acer saccharum dominant or codominant in the canopy or subcanopy, (iii) the presence of one or more RMF indicator species. One to six 10 x 10 m plots were randomly established in each stand dependent on areal extent and site heterogeneity. The plots were assigned to one of the three past land-use categories based on the historical maps and field evidence of land-use boundaries (e.g. stonewalls). A total of 61 plots were established in 34 stands: 18 plots were classified as primary forest, 32 as 19th century secondary forest, and 11 as 20th century secondary forest. Stand history was determined from various historical sources. The earliest maps of forest cover in the study area date from 1830 (Massachusetts State Archives, 1830). Forest cover in the early 20th century was derived from 1942 aerial photographs; land cover for this period was classified as: (i) mature forest or (ii) open land and early successional forest on abandoned fields. Modern forest cover information (1995-1997) was obtained from the MassGIS land-use classification. Using this series of maps, modern forests in the study area were classified as primary (i.e. forested in 1830 and in 1942); 19th Century secondary (i.e. open land in 1830, but forested by 1942); or 20th Century secondary (i.e. forest on land open or in early successional vegetation in 1942). In each plot, live and dead trees at least 2.5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were tallied for species, canopy position, and DBH. Percent cover was estimated for shrub and herb layer species using a modified version of the Braun-Blanquet scale: 0-1%, 1-12%, 12-50%, 50-75% and more than 75%. Nomenclature follows Gleason and Cronquist (1991). Cover of exposed bedrock, rocks and coarse woody debris (CWD) was estimated, and aspect and slope were measured. The presence of seeps and streams, and a qualitative estimate of soil moisture class, was noted. Terrain shape index (TSI) values were calculated by measuring mean slope in eight directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, and NW). Solar insolation for May was calculated for each plot using a model incorporating slope, aspect, elevation, longitude and latitude (Ollinger et al. 1995). Distance to the nearest bedrock outcrop was estimated in 5-meter intervals up to 50 m. Herb layer data is taken from 61 10 x 10 m plots located in 34 forest stands with varying land-use histories in the towns of Conway and Shelburne, Massachusetts. All plant species less than 1 m in height, including woody taxa, are included in the herb layer data. However, records of Panax quinquefolius are not included in this data set. Herb layer data were ordinated to identify patterns of vegetation variation and associated environmental gradients using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). A joint plot was used to relate environmental and historical variables to the unconstrained vegetation ordination. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate differences in environmental variables, canopy and subcanopy basal area, and herb layer species richness between primary and secondary forest. G-tests of independence were used to evaluate differences in species frequency among primary and secondary forest. To investigate the responses of individual herb layer species to environmental gradients and historical land-use, multiple logistic regression was used to model forest herb species occurrences as a function of six factors: soil C:N ratio, pH, moisture class, silt content, aspect and past land-use.

Canopy tree species are identified by a four letter code comprised of the first 2 letters of genus and first 2 letters of species. Nomenclature follows Gleason and Cronquist (1991). The codes for herb layer taxa are comprised of the first 4 letters of genus and first 4 letters of species. Exceptions to this system include the following: 1) In cases where taxa were only identified to a generic level, the first 4 letters of genus are used, followed by “spp” (= species). 2) Taxa which were tentatively identified to species are listed with a code followed by “-cf” (= circa forma). 3) Certain taxa were identified to a limited group of species within a genus; these taxa are indicated with an 8 letter species code followed by “-sl” (= sensu lato); the group of species encompassed by the sensu latu designation is indicated in this list. 4) For congeneric species pairs that could not be distinguished (e.g., Aster lanceolatus and A. lateriflorus), the species code is extended to include the first 4 letters of the second species name (e.g., Astelanc/late). All species less than 1 m in height, including woody taxa, are included in the herb layer data. Nomenclature follows Gleason and Cronquist (1991).

Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu https://ror.org/059cpzx98 pointOfContact The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts. National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210. hf089-01-species.csv species codes hf089-01-species.csv 8392 f11ec3db99b6b56adb069738766ea314 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p08/hf089/hf089-01-species.csv tree.herb plant type plant type code species code species code species species name species name 214 hf089-02-site.csv site codes hf089-02-site.csv 761 3e548ee89f67cbb830d237c7df376f2b 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p08/hf089/hf089-02-site.csv code two-letter site code two-letter site code site site name site name 10 hf089-03-CS-environ.csv CS environment hf089-03-CS-environ.csv 10209 ab19610d2837797c33ae1e43cdab1d7d 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p08/hf089/hf089-03-CS-environ.csv study study type CS classification study site.plot a unique alphanumeric identifier for each of the 36 plots sampled in the study. The first two letters identify the site where the plot was located (see site codes). The next two characters identify the plot number at the site. site-plot code charcoal presence of charcoal 0 no charcoal found while sieving soil samples from subplots 1 macroscopic charcoal fragments present in at least one soil sample from subplots when sieved to 2 mm for lab analysis bedrock distance to nearest bedrock exposure from center of plot 1 0-5m 2 5-10m 3 10-15m 4 15-20m 5 20-25m 6 25-30m 7 30-35m 8 35-40m 9 40-45m 10 45-50m 11 more than 50m aspect.deg mean aspect of plot in degrees (averaged across the 4 subplots) degree 0.1 real NA missing value slope.deg mean slope of plot in degrees (averaged across the 4 subplots) degree 0.1 real NA missing value insol.may insolation during the month of May in MJ/m^2*day, as calculated using a model developed by Ollinger et al. (1995). See Ollinger, S.V., J.D. Aber, C.A. Federer, G.M. Lovett, and J. Ellis. 1995. Modeling physical and chemical climatic variables across the northeastern U.S. for a Geographic Information System. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-191. megajoulePerMeterSquaredPerDay 0.01 real NA missing value c.n mean soil carbon to nitrogen ratio; Fisons C:N analyzer, Harvard Forest dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value n mean soil nitrogen percent; Fisons C:N analyzer, Harvard Forest dimensionless 0.001 real NA missing value c mean soil carbon percent; Fisons C:N analyzer, Harvard Forest number 0.001 real NA missing value seep presence of seep 0 no seep present in plot 1 seep(s) present in plot stream presence of streams 0 no stream crossing plot 1 stream crossing plot (all were ephemeral streams) pit.mnd qualitative estimate of pit & mound topography within plot 0 no pit or mound topography or “too steep” 1 slight 2 moderate 3 heavy pit and mound topography moisture qualitative estimate of soil moisture status in plot 1 well-drained 2 somewhat moist 3 moist tsi average terrain shape index value; calculated based upon measurements of slope in eight directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW). Positive values indicate concave topography within plot, negative values indicate convex topography within plot. See: McNab, W.H. 1989. Terrain Shape Index: quantifying effect of minor landforms on tree height. Forest Science, 35, 91-104. number 0.01 real NA missing value landscape qualitative assessment of landscape position of the plot 1 upper slope 2 step in upper slope 3 mid-slope 4 mid-slope step 5 lower slope 6 lower slope step 7 toe slope oicm average depth of Oi in organic layer centimeter 0.01 real NA missing value oecm average depth of Oe in organic layer centimeter 0.01 real NA missing value oacm average depth of Oa in organic layer centimeter 0.01 real NA missing value ototal average total depth of O layer in cm centimeter 0.1 real NA missing value acm average depth of A horizon in cm centimeter 0.1 real NA missing value ar presence of A and B horizons 0 A and B horizons present throughout plot 1 A horizon only over shallow bedrock in some portions of plot bulk.density mean bulk density of soil (g/cm^3) collected in plot (averaged across the 4 subplots) gramsPerCubicCentimeter 0.01 real NA missing value cut.ba approximate estimate of basal area removed from plot by past logging, based on estimates of cut stump basal area present within plot number 0.1 real NA missing value bedrock.per estimated percent cover of bedrock in plot dimensionless 0.1 real NA missing value rock.per estimated percent cover of rocks and boulders in plot, not appearing to be physically connected to underlying bedrock dimensionless 0.1 real NA missing value cwd.per estimated percent cover of coarse woody debris (CWD - fallen trees and branches) in plot dimensionless 0.1 real NA missing value tec total exchange capacity of Soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value ph soil pH - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.1 real NA missing value h concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil, from pH value number 0.00000001 real NA missing value smp.buffer SMP Buffer pH of Soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.1 real NA missing value om.per percent soil organic matter - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value enr estimated nitrogen release of soil (lb/A) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value sol.sulf soluble sulfur in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.1 real NA missing value ee easily extractable phosphorous (lb/A) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.1 real NA missing value ee.ppm easily extractable phosphorous (ppm) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value ca soil calcium content (lb/A) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.1 real NA missing value ca.ppm soil calcium content (ppm) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value mg soil magnesium content (lb/A) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.1 real NA missing value mg.ppm soil magnesium content (ppm) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value k soil potassium content (lb/A) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.1 real NA missing value k.ppm soil potassium content (ppm) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value na soil sodium content (lb/A) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.1 real NA missing value na.ppm soil sodium content (ppm) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value ca.pct base saturation percent of calcium - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.0001 real NA missing value mg.pct base saturation percent of magnesium - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.0001 real NA missing value k.pct base saturation percent of potassium - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.0001 real NA missing value na.pct base saturation percent of sodium - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.0001 real NA missing value h.pct base saturation percent of hydrogen - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.0001 real NA missing value b.ppm boron ppm in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.0001 real NA missing value fe.ppm iron ppm in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value mn.ppm manganese ppm in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value cu.ppm copper ppm in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.0001 real NA missing value zn.ppm zinc ppm in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.0001 real NA missing value al.ppm aluminum ppm in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value sand percent soil sand content - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value clay percent soil clay content - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value silt percent soil silt content - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value 36 hf089-04-CS-herb.csv CS herb hf089-04-CS-herb.csv 134542 e015c337eee453af325ad700b89f06b3 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p08/hf089/hf089-04-CS-herb.csv study study type CS classification study site.plot a unique alphanumeric identifier for each of the 36 plots sampled in the study. The first two letters identify the site where the plot was located (see site codes). The next two characters identify the plot number at the site. plot code species species code species code cover.per mean percent cover for the species across the 4 subplots of each 20 x 20 m plot. The mean was calculated based on the midpoint of the cover classes estimated in each 10 x 10 m subplot. dimensionless 0.001 real NA missing value 6408 hf089-05-CS-tree.csv CS tree hf089-05-CS-tree.csv 71058 3a38979a4006d7990ec2f88a2411a2e2 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p08/hf089/hf089-05-CS-tree.csv study study type CS classification study site.plot unique alpha-numeric code identifying each of the 36 plots sampled. The first two letters identify the site where the plot was located (see site codes). The next two characters identify the plot number at the site. plot code species species code. Canopy and sub-canopy trees are identified by a “C-” or “S-”, respectively, preceding the four letter species code (see species codes). Dead trees are identified with a “-Dd” following the 4 letter species code. The canopy position of dead trees was not assessed. species code ba total basal area (m2/ha) for each species and canopy position meterSquaredPerHectare 0.01 real NA missing value total.ba total basal area (m2/ha) for the plot, including all tree species and strata (canopy and subcanopy) meterSquaredPerHectare 0.01 real NA missing value 2808 hf089-06-LS-environ.csv LS environment hf089-06-LS-environ.csv 14546 9782d32a32c4493f8e2327a3f43008d0 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p08/hf089/hf089-06-LS-environ.csv study study type LS land-use study site.plot unique alpha-numeric code identifying each plot unique alpha-numeric code identifying each plot lu.code historical land-use category of plot 1 primary forest 2 19th century secondary forest 3 20th century forest charcoal presence of charcoal 0 no charcoal found while sieving soil sample 1 macroscopic charcoal fragments present in soil sample when sieved to 2 mm for lab analysis bedrock distance to nearest bedrock exposure from center of plot 1 0-5m 2 5-10m 3 10-15m 4 15-20m 5 20-25m 6 25-30m 7 30-35m 8 35-40m 9 40-45m 10 45-50m 11 more than 50m aspect.deg mean aspect of plot in degrees degree 0.1 real NA missing value slope.deg mean slope of plot in degrees degree 0.1 real NA missing value insol.may insolation during the month of May in MJ/m^2*day, as calculated using a model developed by Ollinger et al. (1995) megajoulePerMeterSquaredPerDay 0.01 real NA missing value c.n mean soil carbon to nitrogen ratio; Fisons C:N analyzer, Harvard Forest number 0.01 real NA missing value n mean soil nitrogen percent; Fisons C:N analyzer, Harvard Forest dimensionless 0.001 real NA missing value c mean soil carbon percent; Fisons C:N analyzer, Harvard Forest dimensionless 0.001 real NA missing value seep presence of seep 0 no seep present in plot 1 seep(s) present in plot stream presence of streams 0 no stream crossing plot 1 stream crossing plot (all were ephemeral streams) pit.mnd qualitative estimate of pit & mound topography within plot 0 no pit or mound topography or “too steep” 1 slight 2 moderate 3 heavy pit and mound topography moisture qualitative estimate of soil moisture status in plot 1 well-drained 2 somewhat moist 3 moist tsi average terrain shape index value; calculated based upon measurements of slope in eight directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW). Positive values indicate concave topography within plot, negative values indicate convex topography within plot. See: McNab, W.H. 1989. Terrain Shape Index: quantifying effect of minor landforms on tree height. Forest Science, 35, 91-104. number 0.01 real NA missing value landscape qualitative assessment of landscape position of the plot 1 upper slope 2 step in upper slope 3 mid-slope 4 mid-slope step 5 lower slope 6 lower slope step 7 toe slope oicm average depth of Oi in organic layer centimeter 0.01 real NA missing value oecm average depth of Oe in organic layer centimeter 0.01 real NA missing value oacm average depth of Oa in organic layer centimeter 0.01 real NA missing value ototal average total depth of O layer centimeter 0.01 real NA missing value acm average depth of A horizon centimeter 1 natural NA missing value ar presence of A and B horizons 0 A and B horizons present throughout plot 1 A horizon only over shallow bedrock in some portions of plot bulk.density mean bulk density of soil (g/cm^3) collected in plot gramsPerCubicCentimeter 0.01 real NA missing value cut.ba approximate estimate of basal area removed from plot by past logging, based on estimates of cut stump basal area present within plot number 0.01 real NA missing value bedrock.per estimated percent cover of bedrock in plot dimensionless 1 whole NA missing value rock.per estimated percent cover of rocks and boulders in plot, not appearing to be physically connected to underlying bedrock dimensionless 1 whole NA missing value cwd.per estimated percent cover of coarse woody debris (CWD - fallen trees and branches) in plot dimensionless 1 whole NA missing value baresoil.per estimated percent cover of bare or exposed mineral soil, not covered by leaf litter, rocks or coarse woody debris dimensionless 1 whole NA missing value tec total exchange capacity of Soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value ph soil pH - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.1 real NA missing value h concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil, from pH value number 0.00000001 real NA missing value smp.buffer SMP Buffer pH of Soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.1 real NA missing value om.per percent soil organic matter - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value enr estimated nitrogen release of soil (lb/A) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value sol.sulf soluble sulfur in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value ee easily extractable phosphorous (lb/A) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value ee.ppm easily extractable phosphorous (ppm) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value ca soil calcium content (lb/A) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value ca.ppm soil calcium content (ppm) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value mg soil magnesium content (lb/A) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value mg.ppm soil magnesium content (ppm) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value k soil potassium content (lb/A) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value k.ppm soil potassium content (ppm) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value na soil sodium content (lb/A) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value na.ppm soil sodium content (ppm) - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value ca.pct base saturation percent of calcium - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value mg.pct base saturation percent of magnesium - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value k.pct base saturation percent of potassium - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value na.pct base saturation percent of sodium - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value h.pct base saturation percent of hydrogen - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value b.ppm boron ppm in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value fe.ppm iron ppm in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value mn.ppm manganese ppm in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value cu.ppm copper ppm in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value zn.ppm zinc ppm in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 0.01 real NA missing value al.ppm aluminum ppm in soil - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH number 1 natural NA missing value clay percent soil clay content - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value silt percent soil silt content - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value sand percent soil sand content - Brookside Laboratories, New Knoxville, OH dimensionless 1 whole NA missing value 61 hf089-07-LS-herb.csv LS herb hf089-07-LS-herb.csv 251416 b381abc4c37d8e0a4f6cffa232a7eea1 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p08/hf089/hf089-07-LS-herb.csv study study type LS land-use study site.plot unique alpha-numeric code identifying each plot plot code species species code species code cover.per cover values for each species. In each plot, the percent cover of herb layer taxa was estimated using a modified version of the Braun-Blanquet scale. 0 absent 1 0-1% 2 1-12% 3 12-50% 4 50-75% 5 more than 75% 11285 hf089-08-LS-tree.csv LS tree hf089-08-LS-tree.csv 84972 7af4ac2ce41a0b5c9aca7b266d1c912c 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p08/hf089/hf089-08-LS-tree.csv study study type LS land-use study site.plot unique alpha-numeric code identifying each plot plot code species species code. Canopy and sub-canopy trees are identified by a “C-” or “S-”, respectively, preceding the four letter species code (see species codes). Dead trees are identified with a “-Dd” following the 4 letter species code. The canopy position of dead trees was not assessed. species code ba total basal area (m2/ha) for each species and canopy position meterSquaredPerHectare 0.01 real NA missing value total.ba total basal area (m2/ha) for the plot, including all tree species and strata (canopy and subcanopy) meterSquaredPerHectare 0.01 real NA missing value 3233 community regional soil short-term measurement