Seed Bank in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest 2004-2015

<para>The impending loss of hemlock trees due to hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) infestation prompted the need to identify species of plants able to colonize areas where hemlock has been removed. We investigated species present in the seed bank (in 2004 and 2010), the seedling bank (in 2004 and 2010), and seed rain (from 2005-2015) in the Harvard Forest Hemlock Removal Experiment. </para> <para>In 2004, Kelley Sullivan and Aaron Ellison determined the distribution of seeds buried in the soil in the six hemlock and two hardwood stands, before canopy treatments were applied (data files hf105-01, hf105-02). In 2010, Elizabeth Farnsworth and Aaron Ellison examined the distribution of plant species present five years after the simulated hemlock removal experiment was performed and six years after the baseline, pre-treatment study of the seedbank (data files hf105-03, hf105-04, hf105-05). In the 2010 study, we hypothesized that the composition of the seed and seedling banks and seed rain would diverge among the two treatments and the controls, based on the differential impacts of harvesting versus adelgid attack on the standing vegetation. We further hypothesized that the older (deeper) strata of the seedbanks of the treatment plots would have been exhausted over time, thus yielding poor germination relative to the top strata that continually receive seed rain. Identical methods of characterizing the composition of the seedbank and the aboveground vegetation at seedbank core locations were applied in both 2004 and 2010. Additional comparisons were made with long-term data collected on overall plant species composition in the Simes plots (datasets HF 106, HF126), and with data on seed rain (data file hf105-05). This study provides a unique temporal documentation of changes in the seedbank, seed rain, and vegetation under conditions of a changing overstory. </para> </section> </abstract> <keywordSet> <keyword>hemlock</keyword> <keyword>hemlock woolly adelgid</keyword> <keyword>seed banks</keyword> <keyword>regeneration</keyword> <keywordThesaurus>LTER controlled vocabulary</keywordThesaurus> </keywordSet> <keywordSet> <keyword>populations</keyword> <keyword>disturbance</keyword> <keywordThesaurus>LTER core area</keywordThesaurus> </keywordSet> <keywordSet> <keyword>Harvard Forest</keyword> <keyword>HFR</keyword> <keyword>LTER</keyword> <keyword>USA</keyword> <keywordThesaurus>HFR default</keywordThesaurus> </keywordSet> <intellectualRights> <section> <para>This dataset is released to the public under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (No Rights Reserved). Please keep the dataset creators informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset should include proper acknowledgement.</para> </section> </intellectualRights> <licensed> <licenseName>Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal</licenseName> <url>https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html</url> <identifier>CC0-1.0</identifier> </licensed> <distribution> <online> <url function="information">https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf105</url> </online> </distribution> <coverage> <geographicCoverage> <geographicDescription>Simes Tract (Harvard Forest). Coordinates based on WGS84 datum.</geographicDescription> <boundingCoordinates> <westBoundingCoordinate>-72.22</westBoundingCoordinate> <eastBoundingCoordinate>-72.21</eastBoundingCoordinate> <northBoundingCoordinate>+42.48</northBoundingCoordinate> <southBoundingCoordinate>+42.47</southBoundingCoordinate> <boundingAltitudes> <altitudeMinimum>200</altitudeMinimum> <altitudeMaximum>240</altitudeMaximum> <altitudeUnits>meter</altitudeUnits> </boundingAltitudes> </boundingCoordinates> </geographicCoverage> <temporalCoverage> <rangeOfDates> <beginDate> <calendarDate>2004</calendarDate> </beginDate> <endDate> <calendarDate>2015</calendarDate> </endDate> </rangeOfDates> </temporalCoverage> <taxonomicCoverage> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>family</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Cyperaceae</taxonRankValue> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>family</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Juncaceae</taxonRankValue> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>family</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Poaceae</taxonRankValue> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Acer</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>spp.</taxonRankValue> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Betula</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>spp.</taxonRankValue> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Tsuga</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>canadensis</taxonRankValue> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicCoverage> </coverage> <maintenance> <description> <para>complete</para> </description> </maintenance> <contact scope="document"> <positionName>Information Manager</positionName> <organizationName>Harvard Forest</organizationName> <address scope="document"> <deliveryPoint>324 North Main Street</deliveryPoint> <city>Petersham</city> <administrativeArea>MA</administrativeArea> <postalCode>01366</postalCode> <country>USA</country> </address> <phone phonetype="voice">(978) 724-3302</phone> <electronicMailAddress>hf-im@lists.fas.harvard.edu</electronicMailAddress> </contact> <publisher scope="document"> <organizationName>Harvard Forest</organizationName> <address scope="document"> <deliveryPoint>324 North Main Street</deliveryPoint> <city>Petersham</city> <administrativeArea>MA</administrativeArea> <postalCode>01366</postalCode> <country>USA</country> </address> <phone phonetype="voice">(978) 724-3302</phone> <phone phonetype="fax">(978) 724-3595</phone> <onlineUrl>https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu</onlineUrl> </publisher> <methods> <methodStep> <description> <section> <title/> <para>In 2004, we located five randomly-chosen points in each of the 8 experimental plots in the Simes Tract (data file hf105-06). At each point, we censused all vascular plant species present in a 1-m2 plot centered on each point, and collected a single 60 x 60 cm x 20 cm deep soil core at each point.</para> <para>In 2010, we returned to the same points, and chose a new sample location within 2 m of the original location. We collected a single 15cm x 15cm x 20cm deep soil core at each point, and simultaneously censused all vascular plant species present in a 1-m2 subplot centered on each point; these same points were censused again on 15 August 2010 to ensure full detection of species with later phenologies. Data are reported as densities of each species per 0.01 ha. Forty-five taxa were positively identified in the field sample, with 43 identified to species in the field and 2 identified to genus only (seedlings of Crataegus sp. and Amelanchier sp.). Nomenclature follows Haines, A. 2011. Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Higher Vascular Plants of New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. </para> <para>Seed bank composition was assessed using the direct germination method. For both the 2004 and 2010 samples, we returned the soil cores within 5 hours to the lab for dissection by depth and planting. The cores were trimmed to 10cm x 10cm x 20cm deep blocks, then sliced into 2-cm depth increments. These samples were placed into separate 7.5 x 7.5-cm cells in a divided potting tray, each first lined with a 1-cm deep layer of milled sphagnum to facilitate drainage. One replicate reference cell for each of the cores was filled entirely with milled sphagnum and monitored for recruitment of “weedy” species present in the greenhouse seed rain. All flats of cells were placed in the Harvard Forest greenhouse at full light, watered twice daily, and fertilized once during the growing season with 0.5 tsp:2 gallons 20:20:20 fertilizer. Flats were randomly repositioned twice during the growing season.</para> <para>Seed bank composition was assessed using the direct germination method. Pots were monitored on a weekly to biweekly basis from 17 May 2010 to 5 September 2010, when no new germination was occurring and existing seedlings were beginning to senesce. Most newly-emerging seedlings were removed to prevent competition with later-emerging plants, except where removal would disturb existing, as-yet-unidentified seedlings. Certain larger specimens were out-planted to larger pots in September to ensure that root-binding would not affect their growth in season 2, or cause death. Unidentified specimens at the end of the first growing season were hardened off and maintained without watering from November to April, during which time greenhouse temperatures were kept above freezing. Surviving seedlings were monitored throughout summer 2005 or 2011 until reproduction occurred or until plants were mature enough to identify unambiguously. </para> <para>Forty-one positively identified species from the seed bank study were mounted on archival herbarium paper, labeled, and archived at the Harvard Forest Herbarium in 2010 and 2011. Six additional “unknown” vouchers were later annotated or determined to be replicates of positively identified taxa. Additional voucher photographs were taken and labeled. Only four taxa of 53 (7.5%) remained unidentified by the end of the experiment. In 2004, species identification was confirmed by Jerry Jenkins, Glenn Motzkin, and Elizabeth Farnsworth and nomenclature followed Gleason, H. A., and A. J. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York Botanic Garden Press, New York, NY. In 2011, species identifications were done by Elizabeth Farnsworth, and nomenclature followed Haines, A. 2011. Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Higher Vascular Plants of New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. </para> <para>For the seed rain, seeds were manually removed from litter collected in five litterfall baskets that were placed at random coordinates throughout the 90m x 90m plot (see details of litter baskets in HF161). Seeds were identified using keys in Montgomery, F. H. 1977. Seeds and fruits of plants of eastern Canada and northeastern United States. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, and vouchers are stored in the Harvard Forest Herbarium. Representative individual seeds were weighed, and numbers of seeds in each sample were determined from mass of total samples. As of 2016, seeds are no longer sorted out from the litter baskets.</para> </section> </description> </methodStep> </methods> <project> <title>Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu https://ror.org/059cpzx98 pointOfContact The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts. National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210. hf105-01-seedbank-2004.csv seed bank 2004 hf105-01-seedbank-2004.csv 40881 9e406ce28d596082d27e2b412fa6e2bf 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p10/hf105/hf105-01-seedbank-2004.csv simes.plot plot number of the Simes Tract Hemlock Removal Experiment plot number of the Simes Tract Hemlock Removal Experiment replicate sample code for each 60 x 60 x 20 soil sample in each plot. There were 5 samples/plot. sample code for each 60 x 60 x 20 soil sample in each plot. There were 5 samples/plot. x x-coordinate location, in meters, of the sample. Each plot of the Simes Tract is 90 x 90 m. meter .01 real NA missing value y y-coordinate location, in meters, of the sample. Each plot at the Simes Tract is 90 x 90 m. meter .01 real NA missing value depth depth (in 2 cm increments) of the subsample taken from the soil sample for germination trials. Each 20-cm deep sample was divided into 10 2-cm thick samples. Value given is the lower depth of the subsample. centimeter 2 natural NA missing value acru number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value bele number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value beni number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value bepa number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value prse number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value tsca number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value rhty number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value rhgl number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value rufl number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value rusp number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value rubus number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value sp number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value gapr number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value mire number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value vaan number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value amar number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value heca number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value hyca number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value hype number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value loin number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value lyci number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value lyqu number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value veth number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value maca number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value move number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value viso number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value caat number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value cade number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value cala number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value cape number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value casp number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value rhal number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value sccy number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value juca number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value jute number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value didi number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value feru number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value pacl number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value pala number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value poan number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value poaceae number of seedlings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick sample number 1 whole NA missing value 400 hf105-02-understory-2004.csv understory vegetation 2004 hf105-02-understory-2004.csv 2780 f21fa6e5d0d5d2977b821540ffa11b94 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p10/hf105/hf105-02-understory-2004.csv simes.plot plot number of the Simes Tract Hemlock Removal Experiment plot number of the Simes Tract Hemlock Removal Experiment replicate sample code for each 60 x 60 x 20 soil sample in each plot. There were 5 samples/plot. sample code for each 60 x 60 x 20 soil sample in each plot. There were 5 samples/plot. x x-coordinate location, in meters, of the sample. Each plot of the Simes Tract is 90 x 90 m. meter .01 real NA missing value y y-coordinate location, in meters, of the sample. Each plot at the Simes Tract is 90 x 90 m. meter .01 real NA missing value depth set to 0 to indicate understory (surface) vegetation set to 0 to indicate understory (surface) vegetation acru number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value acsa number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value be number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value coam number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value osvi number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value pist number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value prse number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value quru number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value tsca number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value rufl number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value vaan number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value arnu number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value fram number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value maca number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value mevi number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value mire number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value smra number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value cape number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value jute number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value dasp number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value depu number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value drsp number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value deob number of seedings that emerged in each 2-cm-thick subsample number 1 whole NA missing value 40 hf105-03-seedbank-2010.csv seed bank 2010 hf105-03-seedbank-2010.csv 52733 cfb88b497ad9c8b72ecdd4c4bae63af9 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p10/hf105/hf105-03-seedbank-2010.csv block ridge or valley block plot plot number of the Simes Tract Hemlock Removal Experiment plot number of the Simes Tract Hemlock Removal Experiment treatment treatment applied to the plot girdled all hemlocks girdled to simulate effects of hemlock woolly adelgid attack logged all hemlocks logged to simulate effects of salvage-logging hemlock hemlock-dominated plots in which all trees were left intact to simulate no woolly adelgid attack (hemlock controls) hardwood hardwood-dominated plots in which all trees were left intact, as comparison to hemlock-dominated forest tracts (hardwood controls) blank the replicate reference cell for each of the cores that was filled entirely with milled sphagnum and monitored for recruitment of “weedy” species present in the greenhouse seed rain replicate sample code (A – E) for each 15cm x 15cm x 20cm (deep) soil sample in each plot. There were 5 samples/plot. sample code (A – E) for each 15cm x 15cm x 20cm (deep) soil sample in each plot. There were 5 samples/plot. depth depth (in 2 cm increments, relative to soil surface, which is 0 cm) of the subsample taken from the soil sample for germination trials. Each 20-cm deep sample was divided into ten, 2-cm thick samples. Value given is the maximum depth of the subsample (in centimeters), or BLANK for the blank replicate reference cell for each of the cores was filled entirely with milled sphagnum and monitored for recruitment of “weedy” species present in the greenhouse seed rain. centimeter 1 natural NA missing value bele number of Betula lenta L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value mire number of Mitchella repens L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value lyqu number of Lysimachia quadrifolia L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value asdi number of Aster cf divaricatus seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value ruoc number of Rubus occidentalis L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value rual number of Rubus allegheniensis Porter seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value rufl number of Rubus flagellaris Willd. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value posi number of Potentilla simplex Michx. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value cape number of Carex pensylvanica Lam. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value gahi number of Gaultheria hispidula seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value ruhi number of Rubus hispidus L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value casp number of Carex cf. ovales group seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value jubr number of Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value depu number of Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T. Moore seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value jute number of Juncus tenuis Willd. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value viso number of Viola sororia Willd. var. novae-angliae Duchesne seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value move number of Mollugo verticillata L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value eugr number of Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value arhi number of Aralia hispida Vent. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value trre number of Trifolium repens L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value diis number of Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value diac number of Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Freckmann seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value spto number of Spiraea tomentosa L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value elob number of Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value pist number of Pinus strobus L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value vinu number of Viburnum nudum L. var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & A. Gray seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value tsca number of Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value bepa number of Betula papyrifera Marsh. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value cade number of Carex debilis Michx. var. rudgei Bailey seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value aghy number of Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value maca number of Maianthemum canadense Desf. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value loin number of Lobelia inflata L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value taof number of Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value cala number of Carex laxiflora L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value pham number of Phytolacca americana L. var. americana seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value cope number of Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value anco number of Anthemis cotula L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value dicl number of Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value pono number of Potentilla norvegica L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value acru number of Acer rubrum L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value frvi number of Fragaria virginiana Duchesne seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value veth number of Verbascum thapsus L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value juef number of Juncus effusus L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value juar number of Juncus articulatus L. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value asac number of Aster cf. acuminatus (outplanted) seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value prse number of Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. serotina seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value vila number of Viola labradorica Schrank seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value sccy number of Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value pali number of Panicum linearifolium Scribn. ex Nash seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value ruid number of Rubus idaeus L. ssp. idaeus seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value pogr number of Populus grandidentata Michx. seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value cadw number of Carex deweyana Schweinitz seedlings germinating over the course of the experiment number 1 whole NA missing value 416 hf105-04-understory-2010.csv understory vegetation 2010 hf105-04-understory-2010.csv 5114 bc8cb2cf8ea494385e5da2509e3b0c48 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p10/hf105/hf105-04-understory-2010.csv date data from both the May and August field sampling were combined; date shown is 2011-08-15 YYYY-MM-DD 1 day block ridge or valley ridge or valley plot plot number of the Simes Tract Hemlock Removal Experiment plot number of the Simes Tract Hemlock Removal Experiment treatment treatment applied to the plot girdled all hemlocks girdled to simulate effects of hemlock woolly adelgid attack logged all hemlocks logged to simulate effects of salvage-logging hemlock hemlock-dominated plots in which all trees were left intact to simulate no woolly adelgid attack (hemlock controls) hardwood hardwood-dominated plots in which all trees were left intact, as comparison to hemlock-dominated forest tracts (hardwood controls) replicate sample code (A – E) for each 15cm x 15cm x 20cm (deep) soil sample in each plot. There were 5 samples/plot sample code (A – E) for each 15cm x 15cm x 20cm (deep) soil sample in each plot. There were 5 samples/plot depu number of Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T. Moore seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value mire number of Mitchella repens L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value dede number of Dendrolycopodium dendroideum (Michx.) A. Haines seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value maca number of Maianthemum canadense Desf. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value acru number of Acer rubrum L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value pist number of Pinus strobus L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value arnu number of Aralia nudicaulis L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value fagr number of Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value trbo number of Trientalis borealis Raf. ssp. borealis seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value vaan number of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value prse number of Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. serotina seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value uvse number of Uvularia sessilifolia L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value moun number of Monotropa uniflora L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value tsca number of Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value hulu number of Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevisan seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value trer number of Trillium erectum L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value bele number of Betula lenta L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value coco number of Corylus cornuta Marsh. ssp. cornuta seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value cape number of Carex pensylvanica Lam. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value quru number of Quercus rubra L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value vaco number of Vaccinium corymbosum L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value pham number of Phytolacca americana L. var. americana seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value rual number of Rubus allegheniensis Porter seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value arhi number of Aralia hispida Vent. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value ruhi number of Rubus hispidus L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value lyqu number of Lysimachia quadrifolia L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value ruoc number of Rubus occidentalis L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value beal number of Betula alleghaniensis Brett. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value beth number of Berberis thunbergii DC. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value bepa number of Betula papyrifera Marsh. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value amsp number of Amelanchier Medik. sp. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value drin number of Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) Gray seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value gapr number of Gaultheria procumbens L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value daco number of Danthonia compressa Austin ex Peck seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value pano number of Parathelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Ching seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value qual number of Quercus alba L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value drca number of Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value crsp number of Crataegus L. sp. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value cotr number of Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value acsa number of Acer saccharum Marsh. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value lycl number of Lycopodium clavatum L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value mevi number of Medeola virginiana L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value oscl number of Osmunda claytoniana L. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value rufl number of Rubus flagellaris Willd. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value cope number of Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. seedlings identified in plot surrounding the core number 1 whole NA missing value 40 hf105-05-seed-rain.csv seed rain 2005-2015 hf105-05-seed-rain.csv 189433 02bfb4e420cf135a85d0e195a5715213 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p10/hf105/hf105-05-seed-rain.csv date date of sample YYYY-MM-DD block ridge or valley ridge or valley treatment treatment applied to the plot girdled all hemlocks girdled to simulate effects of hemlock woolly adelgid attack logged all hemlocks logged to simulate effects of salvage-logging hemlock hemlock-dominated plots in which all trees were left intact to simulate no woolly adelgid attack (hemlock controls) hardwood hardwood-dominated plots in which all trees were left intact, as comparison to hemlock-dominated forest tracts (hardwood controls) plot plot number of the Simes Tract Hemlock Removal Experiment plot number of the Simes Tract Hemlock Removal Experiment basket basket number, 1-5 basket number, 1-5. Plot 7 includes only baskets 2, 3, and 4 from April 2010 – September 2014 genus genus genus species species if known; otherwise “sp.” species if known; otherwise “sp.” mass total mass weighed gram 0.001 real NA missing value weighed.in how the seeds were weighed Seed Only for large seeds Small Envelope for smaller seeds Large Envelope for large lots of seeds env.mass average mass of small or large envelope gram 0.0001 real NA missing value seeds.mass mass of seed lot = mass – env.mass gram 0.0001 real NA missing value ind.mass average mass of individual seed of the species gram 0.00001 real NA missing value seed.count estimated number of seeds = Seed.mass.g/Ind.mass.g, rounded to nearest integer number 1 natural NA missing value seeds.m2 estimated number of seeds per square meter = seed.count x 9.01, rounded to nearest integer numberPerMeterSquared 1 natural NA missing value seed.count.method method of estimating the number of seeds actual count the number of seeds were physically counted (this is done when there are 5 or fewer seeds of a particular species in a sample, starting in September 2010) calculated (more than 5) the number of seeds were estimated based on the seed mass and the mass of a representative seed of that species (this is done when there are more than 5 seeds of a particular species in a sample) no count seeds not counted (Dec. 2005 – June 2010, plus a few other samples) NA missing value note notes about the sample notes about the sample NA missing value 1892 hf105-06-sample-coord.csv sample coordinates 2004, 2010 hf105-06-sample-coord.csv 2867 b0818000a0e77b6d9ef84c1c884e730e 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p10/hf105/hf105-06-sample-coord.csv year year of sample (2004 or 2010) year of sample (2004 or 2010) block ridge or valley ridge or valley treatment treatment applied to the plot girdled all hemlocks girdled to simulate effects of hemlock woolly adelgid attack logged all hemlocks logged to simulate effects of salvage-logging hemlock hemlock-dominated plots in which all trees were left intact to simulate no woolly adelgid attack (hemlock controls) hardwood hardwood-dominated plots in which all trees were left intact, as comparison to hemlock-dominated forest tracts (hardwood controls) plot plot number of the Simes Tract Hemlock Removal Experiment plot number of the Simes Tract Hemlock Removal Experiment replicate replicate A through E; corresponds to Replicate in hf105-01 and hf105-03 replicate A through E; corresponds to Replicate in hf105-01 and hf105-03 xcoord x coordinate; sample location in meters meter 0.01 real NA missing value ycoord y coordinate; sample location in meters meter 0.01 real NA missing value 80 hf105-07-species-codes.csv species codes hf105-07-species-codes.csv 2672 aab889d929414e72ae4c60f549b73d7e 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p10/hf105/hf105-07-species-codes.csv species.code species code species code species.name species name species name 105 biodiversity conservation invasive plot long-term measurement https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf051 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf106 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf035