uid=HFR,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read doi:10.6073/pasta/8fcee69d75fe4cc823026c65af662507 Jerry Melillo James Clark Jacqueline Mohan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6697-6204 Frank Bowles Researcher Sarah Butler Researcher Carl Salk Researcher Lindsay Scott Researcher Chelsea Baldino Researcher William Werner https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1125-9491 Researcher 2023 English

Climate change is restructuring forests of the United States, although the details of this restructuring are currently uncertain. Rising temperatures of 2 to 8 deg C and associated changes in soil moisture will shift the competitive balance between species that compete for light and water, changing their abilities to produce seed, germinate, grow, and survive. We are using large scale experiments to determine the effects of warming on the most sensitive stage of species distributions, i.e., recruitment, in mixed deciduous forests in southern New England and in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. Two questions organize our proposed research: (1) Might temperate tree species near the "warm" end of their range in the eastern United States decline in abundance during the coming century due to projected warming? and (2) Might trees near the "cool" end of their range in the eastern United States increase in abundance, or extend their range, during the coming 100 years because of projected warming? To explore these questions, we are exposing seedlings to air and soil warming experiments in two eastern deciduous forest sites; one at the Harvard Forest (HF) in central Massachusetts, and the other at the Duke Forest (DF) in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. We focus on tree species common to both Harvard and Duke Forests (such as red, black, and white oaks), those near northern range limits (black oak, tulip poplar), and those near southern range limits (yellow birch, sugar maple). At each site, we plant seeds in common gardens established in temperature-controlled, open-top chambers. The experimental design is replicated and fully factorial and involves three temperature regimes (ambient, +3 deg C and +5 deg C) and two light regimes (closed forest canopy (low light) and gap conditions (high light)). Measured variables include Fall/Spring responses to temperature and mid-Summer responses to low soil moisture. This research will advance our understanding of how the abundances and geographic distributions of several important eastern tree species near the cool and warm ends of their ranges will change during the century because of projected warming. Warming-induced changes in eastern tree abundances and distributions have the potential to affect both the quality and quantity of goods and services provided by eastern forests, and will therefore be of importance to society.

climate change phenology recruitment seedlings soil warming LTER controlled vocabulary disturbance LTER core area Harvard Forest HFR LTER USA HFR default

This dataset is released to the public under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (No Rights Reserved). Please keep the dataset creators informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset should include proper acknowledgement.

Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html CC0-1.0 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf199 Prospect Hill Tract (Harvard Forest), Duke Forest (NC). Coordinates based on WGS84 datum. -79.98 -72.19 +42.53 +35.87 130 340 meter 2009 2011 genus Acer species barbatum southern sugar maple species rubrum red maple species saccharum sugar maple genus Betula species alleghaniensis yellow birch species lenta black birch species populifolia gray birch genus Carya species glabra pignut hickory species ovata shagbark hickory genus Fagus species grandifolia beech genus Fraxinus species americana white ash genus Ilix species vomitoria yaupon holly genus Liquidambar species styraciflua sweet gum genus Liriodendron species tulipifera tulip poplar genus Magnolia species grandiflora southern magnolia species virginiana sweetbay magnolia genus Nyssa species sylvatica black gum genus Pinus species palustris longleaf pine species resinosa red pine species strobus white pine species taeda loblolly pine genus Quercus species alba white oak species falcata southern red oak species nigra water oak species phellos willow oak species rubra red oak species velutina black oak genus Ulmus species americana american elm ongoing Information Manager Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 hf-im@lists.fas.harvard.edu Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu

The experiment has nine chambers in each of two areas: 'shade', in forest understory and in a 'gap' created by clearing a section of the forest. In each area there are three replicates of each temperature treatment (+3 deg C, +5 deg C, ambient) with three additional non-chamber control plots used to control the temperature settings of the heated chambers. The chambers are approximately 5 m long and contain two 1.1 m wide planted strips on either side of a central path. Shade chambers have a wall height of 1.5 m and gap chambers have a wall height of 2.4 m. Each experimental chamber has its own ventilating fan and power source, a dedicated data cable for its sensors and, if heated, a control valve, heating coil, and piping loop which connects to the main heated water distribution loops of the heating system. The chamber's sensor suite consists of air and soil thermistors, a soil moisture sensor, a quantum sensor to measure photosynthetically active radiation and a relative humidity sensor. The sensors are monitored and the system is controlled by Campbell Scientific (CSI) data loggers and their associated peripherals.

The opening of buds and development of leaves in the spring are scored on a scale of 1 (no bud activity) to 6 (fully expanded leaves). These categories are best understood by reference to the pictures in Norby et al. (2003). Spring phenology measurements are taken on a biweekly basis starting prior to budbreak and lasting until 90% of seedlings are at a stage 6.

Starting in late September, seedlings are monitored using three categories of fall phenology. Start of senescence (S) is the date on which 1/3 of leaves are no longer green. These leaves may have changed color, died, or fallen off, but the key point is that they are visibly incapable of photosynthesis. Leaf drop (LD) is the date on which 2/3 of leaves have died. A plant is listed as mature (M) if it has not reached the S category.

Chambers are monitored on a monthly basis from early May till late September for seed germination, survival, and growth.

Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu https://ror.org/059cpzx98 pointOfContact The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts. National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210. hf199-01-hf-env.csv hf environment hf199-01-hf-env.csv 27886445 97ed04b221da78d628180d097235addc 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p19/hf199/hf199-01-hf-env.csv year year YYYY month month month day day of month day time hour of day dimensionless 1 whole chamber chamber number (1-12) chamber number (1-12) treatment light treatment G chamber in open gap S chamber under closed canopy warming warming treatment 3 3 degrees C 5 5 degrees C A ambient C control AT air temperature celsius 0.01 real NA missing value Q photosynthetically active radiation micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.01 real NA missing value Rh relative humidity (%) dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value SM volumetric water content (fractional) dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value ST soil temperature at 5cm depth celsius 0.01 real NA missing value 592567 hf199-02-hf-plant-ID.csv hf plant ID hf199-02-hf-plant-ID.csv 303621 748fe688d3b8fa9c45ca192dbc026910 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p19/hf199/hf199-02-hf-plant-ID.csv Site site HF Harvard Forest Tag unique number assigned to each plant that germinates in the chambers. In cases where the same tag number was assigned to multiple individuals, one individual was retroactively given a fractional tag number (ie. if two individuals had tag number 2032, one was changed to 2032.5) unique number assigned to each plant that germinates in the chambers Species species code. Most ambiguous individuals died before they grew large enough for positive identification. acba Acer barbatum, southern sugar maple acru Acer rubrum, red maple acsa Acer saccharum, sugar maple acun Acer spp, ambiguous maple beal Betula alleghaniensis, yellow birch bele Betula lenta, black birch bepo Betula populifolia, gray birch bepa Betula papyrifera, paper birch beun Betula spp, ambiguous birch cagl Carya glabra, pignut hickory caov Carya ovata, shagbark hickory fagr Fagus grandifolia, beech fram Fraxinus americana, white ash ilvo Ilix vomitoria, yaupon holly list Liquidambar styraciflua, sweetgum litu Liriodendron tulipifera, tulip tree; tulip poplar magr Magnolia grandiflora, southern magnolia mavi Magnolia virginiana, sweetbay magnolia nysy Nyssa sylvatica, black gum; sour gum pipa Pinus palustris, longleaf pine pire Pinus resinosa, red pine pist Pinus strobus, white pine pita Pinus taeda, loblolly pine piun Pinus spp, ambiguous pine prse Prunus serotina, black cherry prpe Prunus pensylvanica, pin cherry qual Quercus alba, white oak qufa Quercus falcata, southern red oak; Spanish oak quni Quercus nigra, water oak quph Quercus phellos, willow oak quru Quercus rubra, red oak quve Quercus velutina, black oak quun Quercus spp, ambiguous oak ulam Ulmus americana, American elm unkn Unidentified tree SeedOrigin seed origins are nested within species. The use of the same seed origin code for multiple species does not imply the same collection site. Seed origin codes have four parts separated by underscores “_”, indicating the US state of origin, the county of origin, whether it was planted or naturally recruited, and a tracking variable to designate separate seed origins from the same state and county (tracking variables were not assigned for naturally recruited individuals). See the file Seed Origin Data for a full list and additional details. “unkn” indicates that the individual could not be unambiguously assigned a seed origin. seed origin Chamber chamber number and treatment. G=Gap, S=Closed canopy,.chamber number = 01 to 12, temperature delta (celcius) = 3 degrees, 5 degrees, A (ambient) or C (control). chamber code GermDate date plant germinated YYYY-MM-DD NA missing value SpringSeeder only used for red maple (acru). A value of -1 indicates a germination date occurring before the spring seed crop. All other cases have a value of NA. YYYY-MM-DD NA missing value CensInDate only used for individuals observed for the first time well after germination. This is the first date the individual was observed. YYYY-MM-DD NA missing value DatePlanted date seed planted YYYY-MM-DD NA missing value DeathDate date plant was found dead YYYY-MM-DD NA missing value CensorDate date plant was censored - plants censored if they overtop a chamber or significantly shade out other plants YYYY-MM-DD NA missing value MIA for plants that disappeared (ie. we never observed them again, but did not find the dead plant either), this is the first date we failed to observe them. YYYY-MM-DD NA missing value 3981 hf199-03-hf-growth.csv hf growth hf199-03-hf-growth.csv 2750240 363bff0aa4f96f087544f047997408a3 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p19/hf199/hf199-03-hf-growth.csv Date date measurement was taken YYYY-MM-DD Species tree species code (see hf199-02-plant-ID.csv for species definitions) tree species code Tag unique number assigned to each plant that germinates in the chambers unique number assigned to each plant that germinates in the chambers Chamber chamber number and treatment. G=Gap, S=Closed canopy,.chamber number = 01 to 12, temperature delta (celcius) = 3 degrees, 5 degrees, A (ambient) or C (control). chamber number and treatment SpringPhen spring phenology, using categories described in Norby et al. 2003 (Global Change Biology 9: 1792-1801) 1 no activity 2 bud swelling 3 buds just opening 4 leaves unfolding 5 leaves unfolded and curled/wrinkled/soft 6 leaves flat and fully developed NA missing value FallPhen fall leaf senescence 0 no senescence 1 one third of leaves have either dropped or are no longer green 2 two thirds of leaves have either dropped or are no longer green 10 no senescence, and the tree is still developing new leaves 11 one third of leaves have either dropped or are no longer green, but other leaves on the tree are still developing 12 two thirds of leaves have either dropped or are no longer green, but other leaves on the tee are still developing NA missing value PctHerb herbivory, visually estimated percent of total leaf area dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value PctLTD leaf tissue damage, defined as leaf area no longer green for reasons other than fall senescence, visually estimated percent of total leaf area dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value WaterStress water stress 0 no observable water stress 1 slight wilting observed along edges of leaves 2 significant wilting of leaf tissue, leaf stems are still held near normal angles 3 severe wilting of leaf tissues and significant drooping of leaf stems NA missing value Height height of tree centimeter 0.1 real NA missing value Diameter diameter of tree centimeter 0.01 real NA missing value 57070 hf199-04-df-env.csv df environment hf199-04-df-env.csv 50479936 a8d774488b50a0b628379d97329a5b74 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p19/hf199/hf199-04-df-env.csv year year YYYY times timestamp. Takes the form of Julian date counted from Jan. 1, 2009 (day 0) plus the hour represented as day fraction. nominalDay 0.01 real month month month day day of month day JD Julian date counted from Jan. 1, 2010 (day 0) nominalDay 0.01 real JD2009 Julian date counted from Jan. 1, 2009 (day 0) nominalDay 0.01 real dayFraction Hour of the day represented as fraction of the day. Day fractions are thus in increments of 0.0417 (1/24) days. nominalHour 0.01 real chamber chamber number (1-12) chamber number (1-12) treatment light treatment G chamber in open gap S chamber under closed canopy AT air temperature celsius 0.01 real NA missing value Q photosynthetically active radiation micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond 0.01 real NA missing value RH relative humidity (%) dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value SM volumetric water content (fractional) dimensionless 0.01 real NA missing value ST soil temperature at 5cm depth celsius 0.01 real NA missing value 750768 hf199-05-seed-origin-codes.csv seed origin data hf199-05-seed-origin-codes.csv 8603 1dc2b578a021d007fa3ee3c776ad67ac 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p19/hf199/hf199-05-seed-origin-codes.csv Year year YYYY Species species code acba Acer barbatum, southern sugar maple acru Acer rubrum, red maple acsa Acer saccharum, sugar maple acun Acer spp, ambiguous maple beal Betula alleghaniensis, yellow birch bele Betula lenta, black birch bepo Betula populifolia, gray birch bepa Betula papyrifera, paper birch beun Betula spp, ambiguous birch cagl Carya glabra, pignut hickory caov Carya ovata, shagbark hickory fagr Fagus grandifolia, beech fram Fraxinus americana, white ash ilvo Ilix vomitoria, yaupon holly list Liquidambar styraciflua, sweetgum litu Lireodendron tulipifera, tulip tree; tulip poplar magr Magnolia grandiflora, southern magnolia mavi Magnolia virginiana, sweetbay magnolia nysy Nyssa sylvatica, black gum; sour gum pipa Pinus palustris, longleaf pine pire Pinus resinosa, red pine pist Pinus strobus, white pine pita Pinus taeda, loblolly pine piun Pinus spp, ambiguous pine prse Prunus serotina, black cherry prpe Prunus pensylvanica, pin cherry qual Quercus alba, white oak qufa Quercus falcata, southern red oak; Spanish oak quni Quercus nigra, water oak quph Quercus phellos, willow oak quru Quercus rubra, red oak quve Quercus velutina, black oak quun Quercus spp, ambiguous oak ulam Ulmus americana, American elm unkn Unidentified tree SeedOriginCode seed origin codes used in hf199-02-hf-plant-ID. Seed origins are nested within species. The use of the same seed origin code for multiple species does not imply the same collection site. Seed origin codes have four parts separated by underscores “_”, indicating the US state of origin, the county of origin, whether it was planted or naturally recruited, and a tracking variable to designate separate seed origins from the same state and county (tracking variables were not assigned for naturally recruited individuals). See the file Seed Origin Data for a full list and additional details. “unkn” indicates that the individual could not be unambiguously assigned a seed origin. seed origin Notes additional information about the particular collection notes 91 plot community regional long-term measurement https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf018 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf005 micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond