uid=HFR,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read doi:10.6073/pasta/efe61ab3c8d3b3e58b3d348c3724550a Charles Davis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8747-1101 Aaron Ellison https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4151-6081 Bryan Connolly Researcher Courland Kelly Researcher Charles Willis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2543-246X Researcher 2023 English

Climate change has resulted in major changes in the phenology of some species but not others. Long-term field observational records provide the best assessment of these changes, but geographic and taxonomic biases limit their utility. Plant specimens in herbaria have been hypothesized to provide a wealth of additional data for studying phenological responses to climatic change. However, no study to our knowledge has comprehensively addressed whether herbarium data are accurate measures of phenological response, and thus applicable to addressing such questions. We compared flowering phenology determined from field observations (years 1852-1858; 1875; 1878-1908; 2003-2006; 2011-2013) and herbarium records (1852-2013) of 20 species from New England, USA. Earliest flowering date estimated from herbarium records faithfully reflected field observations of first flowering date and substantially increased the sampling range across climatic conditions. Additionally, although most species demonstrated a response to inter-annual temperature variation, long-term temporal changes in phenological response were not detectable. Our findings support the use of herbarium records for understanding plant phenological responses to changes in temperature, and also importantly establish a new use of herbarium collections: inferring primary phenological cueing mechanisms of individual species (e.g., temperature, winter chilling, photoperiod). These latter data are lacking from most investigations of phenological change, but are vital for understanding differential responses of individual species to ongoing climate change.

climate flowering phenology plant species LTER controlled vocabulary populations LTER core area Harvard Forest HFR LTER USA HFR default

This dataset is released to the public under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (No Rights Reserved). Please keep the dataset creators informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset should include proper acknowledgement.

Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html CC0-1.0 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf258 Eastern Massachusetts. Coordinates based on WGS84 datum. -73.5 -69.9 +42.9 +41.3 0 600 meter 1852 2013 genus Aquilegia species canadensis genus Aralia species nudicaulis genus Arethusa species bulbosa genus Barbarea species vulgaris genus Calopogon species tuberosus genus Chelidonium species majus genus Corallorhiza species maculata genus Cypripedium species acaule genus Daucus species carota genus Gaultheria species procumbens genus Gaylussacia species baccata genus Iris species prismatica genus Platanthera species grandiflora genus Platanthera species lacera genus Platanthera species psycodes genus Pogonia species ophioglossoides genus Ranunculus species acris genus Vaccinium species angustifolium genus Vicia species cracca complete Information Manager Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 hf-im@lists.fas.harvard.edu Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu

Flowering phenology was determined from field observations (1852-1858; 1875; 1878-1908; 2003-2006; 2011-2013) and herbarium records (1852-2013) from the town of Concord and the counties of Bristol, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Worcester (all in Massachusetts). Service Notes: Since the initial release of this dataset, the syntax and defaults of the polygon function in the sp library have changed. The Rmd file has been updated accordingly. The implicit requirement of ggplot2 for reshape2 is also now recognized.

Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu https://ror.org/059cpzx98 pointOfContact The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts. National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210. hf258-01-blue-hills.csv Blue Hills data hf258-01-blue-hills.csv 10891 e2fa7331857c5b1f380d07ddf25590bb 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p25/hf258/hf258-01-blue-hills.csv year calendar year, 1831 - 2007 YYYY 1 year NA missing value jan mean monthly temperature for January at the Blue Hills, MA Meteorological Observatory celsius 0.1 real NA missing value feb mean monthly temperature for February at the Blue Hills, MA Meteorological Observatory celsius 0.1 real NA missing value mar mean monthly temperature for March at the Blue Hills, MA Meteorological Observatory celsius 0.1 real NA missing value apr mean monthly temperature for April at the Blue Hills, MA Meteorological Observatory celsius 0.1 real NA missing value may mean monthly temperature for May at the Blue Hills, MA Meteorological Observatory celsius 0.1 real NA missing value jun mean monthly temperature for June at the Blue Hills, MA Meteorological Observatory celsius 0.1 real NA missing value jul mean monthly temperature for July at the Blue Hills, MA Meteorological Observatory celsius 0.1 real NA missing value aug mean monthly temperature for August at the Blue Hills, MA Meteorological Observatory celsius 0.1 real NA missing value sep mean monthly temperature for September at the Blue Hills, MA Meteorological Observatory celsius 0.1 real NA missing value oct mean monthly temperature for October at the Blue Hills, MA Meteorological Observatory celsius 0.1 real NA missing value nov mean monthly temperature for November at the Blue Hills, MA Meteorological Observatory celsius 0.1 real NA missing value dec mean monthly temperature for December at the Blue Hills, MA Meteorological Observatory celsius 0.1 real NA missing value 177 hf258-02-ghcn-data.csv GHCN data hf258-02-ghcn-data.csv 8021 59b5c726c07317304b3a16512a27586a 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p25/hf258/hf258-02-ghcn-data.csv year calendar year, 1831-2007 YYYY 1 year NA missing value jan mean monthly temperature (1/100th of degrees Celsius) for January at Great Blue Hill, MA, from NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network (http://ncdc.noaa.gov/ghcnm/) hundrethOfDegreeCelsius 0 real NA missing value feb mean monthly temperature (1/100th of degrees Celsius) for February at Great Blue Hill, MA, from NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network hundrethOfDegreeCelsius 0 real NA missing value mar mean monthly temperature (1/100th of degrees Celsius) for March at Great Blue Hill, MA, from NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network hundrethOfDegreeCelsius 0 real NA missing value apr mean monthly temperature (1/100th of degrees Celsius) for April at Great Blue Hill, MA, from NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network hundrethOfDegreeCelsius 0 real NA missing value may mean monthly temperature (1/100th of degrees Celsius) for May at Great Blue Hill, MA, from NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network hundrethOfDegreeCelsius 0 real NA missing value jun mean monthly temperature (1/100th of degrees Celsius) for June at Great Blue Hill, MA, from NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network hundrethOfDegreeCelsius 0 real NA missing value jul mean monthly temperature (1/100th of degrees Celsius) for July at Great Blue Hill, MA, from NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network hundrethOfDegreeCelsius 0 real NA missing value aug mean monthly temperature (1/100th of degrees Celsius) for August at Great Blue Hill, MA, from NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network hundrethOfDegreeCelsius 0 real NA missing value sep mean monthly temperature (1/100th of degrees Celsius) for September at Great Blue Hill, MA, from NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network hundrethOfDegreeCelsius 0 real NA missing value oct mean monthly temperature (1/100th of degrees Celsius) for October at Great Blue Hill, MA, from NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network hundrethOfDegreeCelsius 0 real NA missing value nov mean monthly temperature (1/100th of degrees Celsius) for November at Great Blue Hill, MA, from NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network hundrethOfDegreeCelsius 0 real NA missing value dec mean monthly temperature (1/100th of degrees Celsius) for December at Great Blue Hill, MA, from NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network hundrethOfDegreeCelsius 0 real NA missing value 131 hf258-03-herbarium-data.csv herbarium data hf258-03-herbarium-data.csv 128780 350fa6975be99d81674a2367dd70d0b7 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p25/hf258/hf258-03-herbarium-data.csv family plant family plant family NA missing value genus plant genus plant genus NA missing value species plant species plant species NA missing value genus.species plant genus and species plant genus and species NA missing value collector individual who collected the specimen individual who collected the specimen NA missing value collection.num reference number in Herbarium reference number in Herbarium NA missing value herbarium herbarium collection where specimen is stored herbarium collection where specimen is stored NA missing value doy day of year (0-366) specimen was collected nominalDay 1 whole NA missing value year year in which specimen was collected YYYY 1 year NA missing value locality county in which specimen was collected county in which specimen was collected NA missing value state state in which specimen was collected (always Massachusetts) state in which specimen was collected (always Massachusetts) NA missing value phenology reproductive state of specimen reproductive state of specimen NA missing value datum.type herbarium or field observation (always Herbarium in this file) herbarium or field observation (always Herbarium in this file) NA missing value 1108 hf258-04-field-data.csv field data hf258-04-field-data.csv 61630 cc908a0c6bef34f9fc563c96faf2bcf4 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p25/hf258/hf258-04-field-data.csv family plant family plant family NA missing value genus plant genus plant genus NA missing value species plant species plant species NA missing value genus.species plant genus and species plant genus and species NA missing value collector individual who collected the specimen individual who collected the specimen NA missing value doy day of year (0-366) specimen was collected nominalDay 1 whole NA missing value year year in which specimen was collected YYYY 1 year NA missing value locality county in which specimen was collected (always Middlesex in this file) county in which specimen was collected (always Middlesex in this file) NA missing value state state in which specimen was collected (always Massachusetts) state in which specimen was collected (always Massachusetts) NA missing value phenology reproductive state of specimen (always flowering in this file) reproductive state of specimen (always flowering in this file) NA missing value datum.type herbarium or field observation (always Observation in this file) herbarium or field observation (always Observation in this file) NA missing value 600 hf258-05-eastern-mass-flowering-phen.txt eastern Massachusetts flowering phenology analysis hf258-05-eastern-mass-flowering-phen.txt 38082 4d8b2f28a81e9d371361f14a7c638e86 none R Markdown https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p25/hf258/hf258-05-eastern-mass-flowering-phen.txt script historical community historical https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf215 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf183 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf158 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf033 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf003 hundrethOfDegreeCelsius