uid=HFR,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read doi:10.6073/pasta/4927df6c19983a911e156bc11bf10d2b Alan Strahler Crystal Schaaf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-2975 Zhan Li https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-5200 Researcher Ian Paynter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6142-3141 Researcher 2023 English

Our objective is to improve the measurements of canopy structure and biomass of a forest stand and detect their annual changes via a ground-based laser scanning technology, also known as terrestrial lidar (TLS). A TLS instrument utilizes lasers to scan an environment, measure 3D locations of objects encountered by lasers and detect intensities of laser lights scattered by those objects back to the TLS instrument. TLS have shown abilities and is being further explored to retrieve stem diameter, stem count density, stand height, leaf area index, foliage profile, foliage area volume density, aboveground biomass and other useful forest structural parameters rapidly and accurately. Three TLS instruments used in this project include: (1) the Echidna (R) Validation Instrument (EVI), built by CSIRO Australia; (2) Dual-Wavelength Echidna® Lidar (DWEL), built by Boston University, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, University of Massachusetts, Boston and CSIRO Australia; (3) Compact Biomass Lidar (CBL), built by University of Massachusetts, Boston. To validate the forest structural parameters retrieved using these TLS instruments, we set up a one-ha (100 m by 100 m) forest site and collected tree inventory data including: tree location, tree species, DBH, tree height and crown dimension since 2007 with a two-year gap of 2008 and 2009. Lidar data are available from the ORNL DAAC (http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1045).

aboveground biomass forest disturbance inventories lidar tree maps LTER controlled vocabulary primary production disturbance LTER core area Harvard Forest HFR LTER USA HFR default

This dataset is released to the public under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (No Rights Reserved). Please keep the dataset creators informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset should include proper acknowledgement.

Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html CC0-1.0 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf277 Prospect Hill Tract (Harvard Forest). Coordinates based on WGS84 datum. -72.18242 -72.18169 +42.53119 +42.53075 2007 2014 complete Information Manager Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 hf-im@lists.fas.harvard.edu Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu

In the Harvard Forest Hardwood site, our experimental design was to characterize a 100 m by 100 m square (1 ha) area of forest. The 1-ha site was divided into five plots, where the center of the plots located in the center point of the square and center points of four 50 m x 50 m squares nested within the site (see the figure of plot layout). True north compass readings were used to establish the square. The compass was corrected for magnetic declination. We laid out a circular plot around each center points with 20-m radius. At each plot, we numbered each tree and noted its species. We then recorded the distance from the plot center point to a tree using a laser rangefinder, the azimuth of the tree from the center point using a sighting compass (magnetic north; the compass used to measure the bearings was not corrected for magnetic declination), and the tree’s diameter (DBH) at breast height (1.3 m) using a diameter tape. We included all trees of DBH greater than 3 cm within 10 m of the plot center, and all trees of DBH greater than 10 cm beyond that distance. We also noted the extent to which each tree would be visible to a TLS instrument deployed at a plot center point while scanning by tallying it as visible, partly occluded by intervening trunks or foliage, or fully occluded. In addition, we selected 10 individual trees, taken as the first tree at or beyond an azimuth increment of 36°, and measured the tree height, the height at which the crown began, and the crown diameter. The height of the tree was measured by a laser range finder, and the crown diameter was measured by a tape. The details of tree sampling for the measurements of tree height and crown dimension are as following: (1) Set up the sample sectors. Divide the 360° azimuth range into 10 equal sectors, each of which is 36°. (2) Sample 10 trees of whichever crown position but NOT dead. Select the first tree from the start azimuth of each sector, i.e. 0°, 36°, 72°, 108°, … 324°, totally 10 trees of whichever crown position but NOT dead. If there is no qualified tree in one sector, select one more tree in next sector. It means the first two trees in the next sector will be sampled. (3) Add extra dominant trees so that 6 dominant trees are sampled in the study plot. (a) Find the number of extra dominant trees needed, N. (b) Choose N sectors evenly if N ≤ 5. If N = 6, create six unique random numbers between 1 and 10 with whatever tools (for example, in R using command sample(1:10, 6, replace=FALSE) ) and choose these 6 sectors. (c) Select the first dominant tree NOT dead from each of these N sectors.

Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu https://ror.org/059cpzx98 pointOfContact The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts. National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210. hf277-01-HF-hardwood-2007.csv Harvard Forest hardwood tree inventory 2007 hf277-01-HF-hardwood-2007.csv 57372 34424449b2665e93e092e32942d77755 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p27/hf277/hf277-01-HF-hardwood-2007.csv date date of the start of field campaign. The exact date of taking measurement could be one day later than this data. YYYY-MM-DD 1 day NA missing value site site name name of the site NA missing value plot.id plot identification plot identification NA missing value subplot.id circular plot location CP center NE northeast NW northwest SE southeast SW southwest NA missing value tree.no tree identification number tree identification number NA missing value species common name of species common name of species NA missing value dbh diameter at breast height centimeter 0.1 real NA missing value distance distance from the trunk surface of a tree to the plot center meter 0.1 real NA missing value bearing magnetic bearing of a tree with regard to the plot center degree 0.1 real NA missing value tree.height height of canopy top of selected trees meter 0.1 real NA missing value crown.base height of the base of the canopy of a tree, defined by the lowest live branch meter 0.1 real NA missing value occl occlusion status of a tree as seen from the plot center V visible O occluded P partially visible NA missing value cr.p crown position Dead dead tree D dominant C co-dominant I intermediate S suppressed or overtopped NA missing value radius1 half of crown diameter in the largest dimension meter 0.01 real NA missing value radius2 half of crown diameter perpendicular to the largest dimension meter 0.01 real NA missing value notes field notes about the appearance of the tree, or the identification in another plot of common trees between two or more plots field notes about the appearance of the tree, or the identification in another plot of common trees between two or more plots NA missing value 665 hf277-02-HF-hardwood-2010.csv Harvard Forest hardwood tree inventory 2010 hf277-02-HF-hardwood-2010.csv 34886 4501282164f42be766e1469f8b02fb48 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p27/hf277/hf277-02-HF-hardwood-2010.csv plot.id site name and location of circular plot Harv_01_CP Harvard Forest, center of circular plot Harv_01_NE Harvard Forest, northeast Harv_01_NW Harvard Forest, northwest Harv_01_SE Harvard Forest, southeast Harv_01_SW Harvard Forest, southwest NA missing value tree.no tree identification number tree identification number NA missing value bearing magnetic bearing of a tree with regard to the plot center degree 0.1 real NA missing value dist distance from the trunk surface of a tree to the plot center meter 0.1 real NA missing value dbh diameter at breast height centimeter 0.1 real NA missing value occl occlusion status of a tree as seen from the plot center V visible O occluded P partially visible NA missing value species common name of species common name of species NA missing value cr.p crown position dead dead tree D dominant C co-dominant I intermediate S suppressed or overtopped NA missing value height height of canopy top of selected trees meter 0.1 real NA missing value h.cr height of the base of the canopy of a tree, defined by the lowest live branch meter 0.1 real NA missing value diameter1 crown diameter in the largest dimension meter 0.01 real NA missing value diameter2 crown diameter perpendicular to the largest dimension meter 0.1 real NA missing value notes field notes about the appearance of the tree, or the identification in another plot of common trees between two or more plots field notes about the appearance of the tree, or the identification in another plot of common trees between two or more plots NA missing value date date of the start of field campaign. The exact date of taking measurement could be one day later than this data. YYYY-MM-DD 1 day NA missing value 492 hf277-03-HF-hardwood-2011.csv Harvard Forest hardwood inventory 2011 hf277-03-HF-hardwood-2011.csv 34421 79b7d3376609ae7d3a229e261d7a9922 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p27/hf277/hf277-03-HF-hardwood-2011.csv plot.id site name and location of circular plot Harv_01_CP Harvard Forest, center Harv_01_NE Harvard Forest, northeast Harv_01_NW Harvard Forest, northwest Harv_01_SE Harvard Forest, southeast Harv_01_SW Harvard Forest, southwest NA missing value tree.no tree identification number tree identification number NA missing value bearing magnetic bearing of a tree with regard to the plot center degree 0.1 real NA missing value dist distance from the trunk surface of a tree to the plot center meter 0.1 real NA missing value dbh diameter at breast height centimeter 0.1 real NA missing value occl occlusion status of a tree as seen from the plot center V visible O occluded P partially visible Free text (unrestricted) .* NA missing value species common name of species common name of species NA missing value cr.p crown position Dead dead tree D dominant C co-dominant I intermediate S suppressed or overtopped NA missing value height height of canopy top of selected trees meter 0.1 real NA missing value h.cr height of the base of the canopy of a tree, defined by the lowest live branch meter 0.1 real NA missing value diameter1 crown diameter in the largest dimension meter 0.1 real NA missing value diameter2 crown diameter perpendicular to the largest dimension meter 0.1 real NA missing value notes field notes about the appearance of the tree, or the identification in another plot of common trees between two or more plots field notes about the appearance of the tree, or the identification in another plot of common trees between two or more plots NA missing value date date of the start of field campaign. The exact date of taking measurement could be one day later than this data. YYYY-MM-DD 1 day NA missing value 504 hf277-04-HF-hardwood-2012.csv Harvard Forest hardwood inventory 2012 hf277-04-HF-hardwood-2012.csv 35801 60e6f1d9dea558bd58197e6ccebcf9dd 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p27/hf277/hf277-04-HF-hardwood-2012.csv plot.id site name and location of circular plot Harv_01_CP Harvard Forest, center Harv_01_NE Harvard Forest, northeast Harv_01_NW Harvard Forest, northwest Harv_01_SE Harvard Forest, southeast Harv_01_SW Harvard Forest, southwest NA missing value tree.no tree indentification number tree identification number NA missing value bearing magnetic bearing of a tree with regard to the plot center degree 0.1 real NA missing value dist distance from the trunk surface of a tree to the plot center meter 0.1 real NA missing value dbh diameter at breast height centimeter 0.1 real NA missing value occl occlusion status of a tree as seen from the plot center V visible O occluded P partially visible NA missing value species common name of species common name of species NA missing value cr.p crown position Dead dead tree D dominant C co-dominant I intermediate S suppressed or overtopped Free text (unrestricted) .* height height of canopy top of selected trees meter 0.1 real NA missing value h.cr height of the base of the canopy of a tree, defined by the lowest live branch meter 0.1 real NA missing value diameter1 crown diameter in the largest dimension meter 0.1 real NA missing value diameter2 crown diameter perpendicular to the largest dimension meter 0.1 real NA missing value notes field notes about the appearance of the tree, or the identification in another plot of common trees between two or more plots field notes about the appearance of the tree, or the identification in another plot of common trees between two or more plots NA missing value date date of the start of field campaign. The exact date of taking measurement could be one day later than this data. YYYY-MM-DD 1 day NA missing value 512 hf277-05-HF-hardwood-2013.csv Harvard Forest hardwood inventory 2013 hf277-05-HF-hardwood-2013.csv 30153 113417020547b770dbb68181b0cd9831 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p27/hf277/hf277-05-HF-hardwood-2013.csv plot.id site name and location of circular plot Harv_01_CP Harvard Forest, center Harv_01_NE Harvard Forest, northeast Harv_01_NW Harvard Forest, northwest Harv_01_SE Harvard Forest, southeast Harv_01_SW Harvard Forest, southwest NA missing value tree.no tree identification number tree identification number NA missing value bearing magnetic bearing of a tree with regard to the plot center degree 0.1 real NA missing value dist distance from the trunk surface of a tree to the plot center meter 0.1 real NA missing value dbh diameter at breast height meter 0.1 real NA missing value occl occlusion status of a tree as seen from the plot center V visible O occluded P partially visible NA missing value species common name of species common name of species NA missing value cr.p crown position Dead dead tree D dominant C co-dominant I intermediate S suppressed or overtopped NA missing value height height of canopy top of selected trees meter 0.1 real NA missing value h.cr height of the base of the canopy of a tree, defined by the lowest live branch meter 0.1 real NA missing value diameter1 crown diameter in the largest dimension micrometer 0.1 real NA missing value diameter2 crown diameter perpendicular to the largest dimension meter 0.1 real NA missing value notes field notes about the appearance of the tree, or the identification in another plot of common trees between two or more plots field notes about the appearance of the tree, or the identification in another plot of common trees between two or more plots NA missing value date date of the start of field campaign. The exact date of taking measurement could be one day later than this data. YYYY-MM-DD 1 day NA missing value tree.no.2012 tree identification number in 2012. From 2013, the tree numbers are different from 2012 and previous years. For those tree sampled for crown measurements, we identified them with their tree numbers in 2012. tree identification number in 2012. From 2013, the tree numbers are different from 2012 and previous years. For those tree sampled for crown measurements, we identified them with their tree numbers in 2012. NA missing value 420 hf277-06-HF-hardwood-2014.csv Harvard Forest hardwood tree inventory 2014 hf277-06-HF-hardwood-2014.csv 34110 1980eeab18c522dc75bd612c5fb8a807 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p27/hf277/hf277-06-HF-hardwood-2014.csv plot.id site name and location of circular plot Harv_01_CP Harvard Forest, center Harv_01_NE Harvard Forest, northeast Harv_01_NW Harvard Forest, northwest Harv_01_SE Harvard Forest, southeast Harv_01_SW Harvard Forest, southwest NA missing value tree.no tree identification number tree identification number NA missing value bearing magnetic bearing of a tree with regard to the plot center degree 0.1 real NA missing value dist distance from the trunk surface of a tree to the plot center meter 0.1 real NA missing value dbh diameter at breast height centimeter 0.1 real NA missing value occl occlusion status of a tree as seen from the plot center V visible O occluded P partially visible NA missing value species common name of species common name of species NA missing value cr.p crown position Dead dead tree D dominant C co-dominant I intermediate S suppressed or overtopped NA missing value height height of canopy top of selected trees meter 0.1 real NA missing value h.cr height of the base of the canopy of a tree, defined by the lowest live branch meter 0.1 real NA missing value diameter1 crown diameter in the largest dimension meter 0.1 real NA missing value diameter2 crown diameter perpendicular to the largest dimension meter 0.01 real NA missing value notes field notes about the appearance of the tree, or the identification in another plot of common trees between two or more plots field notes about the appearance of the tree, or the identification in another plot of common trees between two or more plots NA missing value date date of the start of field campaign. The exact date of taking measurement could be one day later than this data. YYYY-MM-DD 1 day NA missing value tree.no.2012 tree identification number in 2012. From 2013, the tree numbers are different from 2012 and previous years. For those tree sampled for crown measurements, we identified them with their tree numbers in 2012. tree identification number in 2012. From 2013, the tree numbers are different from 2012 and previous years. For those tree sampled for crown measurements, we identified them with their tree numbers in 2012. NA missing value 483 hf277-07-HF-hardwood-plot-layout.png Harvard Forest hardwood plot layout hf277-07-HF-hardwood-plot-layout.png 31669 ae79e845587752f0e198c6a6e1c8fcd6 none png https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p27/hf277/hf277-07-HF-hardwood-plot-layout.png image atmosphere plot long-term measurement https://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1045 https://www.umb.edu/spectralmass