uid=HFR,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read doi:10.6073/pasta/bfb70a1701ef23f686fcc73840e6ae17 Daniel Park https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2783-530X Alex Williams Edith Law Aaron Ellison https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4151-6081 Charles Davis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8747-1101 2023 English

Phenology is a key biological trait of an organism’s success and is one of the best indicators of its response to recent climate change. Plants are among the most well-studied organisms in this regard, but observational data bearing on this topic are largely restricted to woody species of the northern hemisphere, mostly from ca. the last three decades. Recent research has demonstrated that mobilized online herbarium specimens provide important, albeit mostly neglected, information on plant phenology. Here, we use the web tool CrowdCurio to crowdsource phenological data from more than 10,000 herbarium specimens representing 30 flowering plant species broadly distributed across the eastern United States. Our results, spanning 120 years and generated from over 2,000 crowdsourcers, clarify numerous aspects of plant phenology. First, they reveal that plant reproductive phenology is significantly advancing in response to warming, which is consistent with previous studies. Second, among those species with broad latitudinal ranges, populations from more southern latitudes are significantly more phenologically sensitive to temperature than those from northern populations. Last, contrary to some recent findings, plants in warmer, less variable climates may be much more dynamic, on average, in their phenological sensitivity. Our results are robust to a variety of confounding factors and span large phylogenetic distances and myriad life histories. These may represent more global trends in the latitudinal gradient of phenological response with myriad potential ecological and evolutionary consequences, and leads us to hypothesize that phenological sensitivity across species' ranges is driven by adaptation to local climates.

climate change phenology plant species temperature LTER controlled vocabulary populations LTER core area Harvard Forest HFR LTER USA HFR default

This dataset is released to the public under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (No Rights Reserved). Please keep the dataset creators informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset should include proper acknowledgement.

Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html CC0-1.0 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf309 Eastern United States. Coordinates based on WGS84 datum. -88 -65 +48 +25 1 1100 meter 1895 2016 genus Anemone species canadensis species hepatica genus Aquilegia species canadensis genus Bidens species vulgata genus Celastrus species orbiculatus genus Centaurea species stoebe genus Cirsium species arvense species discolor genus Geranium species maculatum species robertianum genus Hemerocallis species fulva genus Hibiscus species moscheutos genus Impatiens species capensis genus Iris species pseudacorus species versicolor genus Lilium species canadense genus Lonicera species bella species canadensis species japonica genus Malus species pumila genus Malva species neglecta genus Oenothera species perennis genus Orobanche species uniflora genus Rosa species gallica genus Rubus species odoratus genus Sarracenia species purpurea genus Sisyrinchium species mucronatum genus Solanum species rostratum genus Trillium species grandiflorum species undulatum complete Information Manager Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 hf-im@lists.fas.harvard.edu Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu

The web tool CrowdCurio is used to crowd source phenological data from more than 10,000 herbarium specimens representing 30 flowering plant species across the eastern United States.

Harvard Forest

324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA

(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu https://ror.org/059cpzx98 pointOfContact The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts. National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210. hf309-01-crowdcurio.csv crowdsourcing results hf309-01-crowdcurio.csv 26247413 4e8dd06ab087e09415c34ded18f4c80f 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p30/hf309/hf309-01-crowdcurio.csv state state state NA missing value county county county NA missing value user crowdsourcer ID crowdsourcer ID NA missing value metric climate metric climate metric NA missing value date collection date YYYY-MM-DD 1 day NA missing value year collection year YYYY 1 year NA missing value month collection month month NA missing value day collection day day NA missing value name species binomial species binomial county.lon specimen longitude degree 0.00001 real NA missing value county.lat specimen latitude degree 0.00001 real NA missing value link link to specimen image link to specimen image NA missing value doy Julian day of year nominalDay 1 natural NA missing value jan mean temperature of month in collection year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value feb mean temperature of month in collection year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value mar mean temperature of month in collection year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value apr mean temperature of month in collection year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value may mean temperature of month in collection year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value jun mean temperature of month in collection year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value jul mean temperature of month in collection year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value aug mean temperature of month in collection year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value sep mean temperature of month in collection year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value oct mean temperature of month in collection year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value nov mean temperature of month in collection year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value dec mean temperature of month in collection year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value p.jan mean temperature of month in previous year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value p.feb mean temperature of month in previous year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value p.mar mean temperature of month in previous year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value p.apr mean temperature of month in previous year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value p.may mean temperature of month in previous year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value p.jun mean temperature of month in previous year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value p.jul mean temperature of month in previous year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value p.aug mean temperature of month in previous year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value p.sep mean temperature of month in previous year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value p.oct mean temperature of month in previous year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value p.nov mean temperature of month in previous year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value p.dec mean temperature of month in previous year celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value pp.dec mean temperature of month two years previous celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value variable climate variable climate variable NA m alt elevation meter 0.00001 real NA missing value maxp crowdsourcer consistency dimensionless 0.00000001 real NA missing value phenophase phenological phase pfl peak flower ffr first fruit pfr peak fruit efl first flower NA missing value annual annual mean temperature celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value spring spring mean temperature celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value summer summer mean temperature celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value fall fall mean temperature celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value winter winter mean temperature celsius 0.0000001 real NA missing value domainid NEON domain ID NEON domain ID NA missing value domainname NEON domain name NEON domain name NA missing value ba.climatezone2 climate zone climate zone NA missing value 47848 hf309-02-species-trait.csv species traits hf309-02-species-trait.csv 2995 c9e5efcdff452cf10513359f20b2c1f7 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p30/hf309/hf309-02-species-trait.csv name species binomial species binomial NA missing value habit life span life span NA missing value form growth form growth form NA missing value status native status native status NA missing value self.compatible self compatibility self compatibility NA missing value ref citations for mating system citations for mating system NA missing value 30 hf309-03-additional-data.zip R code, associated data, and figures hf309-03-additional-data.zip 3090753 2a34fa81dc1c177d3270eea21de7b1f1 zip csv, R script, text https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p30/hf309/hf309-03-additional-data.zip document, script informatics historical regional historical