uid=HFR,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read doi:10.6073/pasta/e11b53578c79ac8542f31d754a4f32fb Leaf and Flower Phenology of Woody Plant Species at Harvard Forest and Southern Quebec 2015 Dan Flynn Elizabeth Wolkovich https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7653-893X Jehane Samaha Researcher Timothy Savas Researcher 2023 English
<para>Accurate predictions of spring plant phenology with climate change are critical for projections of growing seasons, plant communities and a number of ecosystem services, including carbon storage. Progress towards prediction, however, has been slow because the major cues known to drive phenology – temperature (including winter chilling and spring forcing) and photoperiod – generally covary in nature and may interact, making accurate predictions of plant responses to climate change complex and nonlinear. Alternatively, recent work suggests many species may be dominated by one cue, which would make predictions much simpler.</para> <para>Here, we manipulated all three cues across 28 woody species from two North American forests. Study sites were Harvard Forest and St. Hipplolyte, Quebec. Species were selected for this study based on their prevalence at the study sites; 28 species are included in this study. At each site, multiple cuttings of six or more representative individuals were collected. In total, we tracked the phenology of 2,137 cuttings from 275 individual source plants.</para> <para>All species responded to all cues examined. Chilling exerted a strong effect, especially on budburst (-15.8 d), with responses to forcing and photoperiod greatest for leafout (-19.1 and -11.2 d, respectively). Interactions between chilling and forcing suggest that each cue may compensate somewhat for the other. Cues varied across species, leading to staggered leafout within each community and supporting the idea that phenology is a critical aspect of species’ temporal niches.</para> <para>Our results suggest that predicting the spring phenology of communities will be difficult, as all species we studied could have complex, nonlinear responses to future warming.</para> </section> </abstract> <keywordSet> <keyword>bud burst</keyword> <keyword>flowering</keyword> <keyword>phenology</keyword> <keyword>plant growth</keyword> <keyword>plant species</keyword> <keyword>seasonality</keyword> <keyword>wood</keyword> <keywordThesaurus>LTER controlled vocabulary</keywordThesaurus> </keywordSet> <keywordSet> <keyword>populations</keyword> <keywordThesaurus>LTER core area</keywordThesaurus> </keywordSet> <keywordSet> <keyword>Harvard Forest</keyword> <keyword>HFR</keyword> <keyword>LTER</keyword> <keyword>USA</keyword> <keywordThesaurus>HFR default</keywordThesaurus> </keywordSet> <intellectualRights> <section> <para>This dataset is released to the public under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (No Rights Reserved). Please keep the dataset creators informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset should include proper acknowledgement.</para> </section> </intellectualRights> <licensed> <licenseName>Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal</licenseName> <url>https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html</url> <identifier>CC0-1.0</identifier> </licensed> <distribution> <online> <url function="information">https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf314</url> </online> </distribution> <coverage> <geographicCoverage> <geographicDescription>Harvard Forest, Quebec. Coordinates based on WGS84 datum.</geographicDescription> <boundingCoordinates> <westBoundingCoordinate>-74.02 </westBoundingCoordinate> <eastBoundingCoordinate>71.05</eastBoundingCoordinate> <northBoundingCoordinate>+46.00</northBoundingCoordinate> <southBoundingCoordinate>+42.46</southBoundingCoordinate> <boundingAltitudes> <altitudeMinimum>266</altitudeMinimum> <altitudeMaximum>505</altitudeMaximum> <altitudeUnits>meter</altitudeUnits> </boundingAltitudes> </boundingCoordinates> </geographicCoverage> <temporalCoverage> <rangeOfDates> <beginDate> <calendarDate>2015</calendarDate> </beginDate> <endDate> <calendarDate>2015</calendarDate> </endDate> </rangeOfDates> </temporalCoverage> <taxonomicCoverage> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Acer</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>pensylvanicum</taxonRankValue> <commonName>striped maple</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> 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<taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>lenta</taxonRankValue> <commonName>cherry birch</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Betula</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>papyrifera</taxonRankValue> <commonName>paper birch</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Corylus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>cornuta</taxonRankValue> <commonName>beaked hazelnut</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Fagus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>grandifolia</taxonRankValue> <commonName>beech</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Fraxinus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>nigra</taxonRankValue> <commonName>black ash</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Hamamelis</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>virginiana</taxonRankValue> <commonName>witch hazel</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Ilex</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>mucronatus</taxonRankValue> <commonName>mountain holly</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Kalmia</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>angustifolia</taxonRankValue> <commonName>sheep laurel</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Lonicera</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>canadensis</taxonRankValue> <commonName>american honeysuckle</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Lyonia</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>ligustrina</taxonRankValue> <commonName>maleberry</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Nyssa</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>sylvatica</taxonRankValue> <commonName>black gum</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Populus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>grandidentata</taxonRankValue> <commonName>bigtooth aspen</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Prunus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>pensylvanica</taxonRankValue> <commonName>pin cherry</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Quercus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>alba</taxonRankValue> <commonName>white oak</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Quercus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>rubra</taxonRankValue> <commonName>red oak</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Quercus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>velutina</taxonRankValue> <commonName>black oak</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Rhamnus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>frangula</taxonRankValue> <commonName>buckthorn</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Rhododendron</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>prinophyllum</taxonRankValue> <commonName>early azalea</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Spiraea</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>alba</taxonRankValue> <commonName>white meadowsweet</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Vaccinium</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>myrtilloides</taxonRankValue> <commonName>velvet-leaved blueberry</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Viburnum</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>cassinoides</taxonRankValue> <commonName>witherod</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Viburnum</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>lantanoides</taxonRankValue> <commonName>hobblebush</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicCoverage> </coverage> <maintenance> <description> <para>complete</para> </description> </maintenance> <contact scope="document"> <positionName>Information Manager</positionName> <organizationName>Harvard Forest</organizationName> <address scope="document"> <deliveryPoint>324 North Main Street</deliveryPoint> <city>Petersham</city> <administrativeArea>MA</administrativeArea> <postalCode>01366</postalCode> <country>USA</country> </address> <phone phonetype="voice">(978) 724-3302</phone> <electronicMailAddress>hf-im@lists.fas.harvard.edu</electronicMailAddress> </contact> <publisher scope="document"> <organizationName>Harvard Forest</organizationName> <address scope="document"> <deliveryPoint>324 North Main Street</deliveryPoint> <city>Petersham</city> <administrativeArea>MA</administrativeArea> <postalCode>01366</postalCode> <country>USA</country> </address> <phone phonetype="voice">(978) 724-3302</phone> <phone phonetype="fax">(978) 724-3595</phone> <onlineUrl>https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu</onlineUrl> </publisher> <methods> <methodStep> <description> <section> <title>Field sampling Woody plant cuttings were made in January 2015 for 28 species at Harvard Forest (HF, 42.5°N, 72.2°W) and the Station de Biologie des Laurentides in St-Hippolyte, Québec (SH, 45.9°N, 74.0°W). The typical late January temperatures are -3.4 and -22°C, respectively, with daylengths (across the year) ranging from 9 to 15.25 h and 8.5 to 15.75 h. Weather station data from each field site were obtained for calculations of chilling units. Species were chosen based on the dominant forest vegetation at each site, aiming to maximize the number of shared species between the two sites. Of the 28 species, at least 19 occurred at both sites. For each species, up to 15 representative healthy, mature individuals with branches accessible by pole pruners from the ground were tagged in late summer and autumn 2014. In winter 2015, six individuals were located at each site and 4–16 cuttings taken from each individual, depending on the size of the individual and number of treatments to be applied. Cuttings were kept cold and transported back to the Arnold Arboretum in Boston (MA, USA).
Chilling and growth chamber treatments Cuttings were placed in growth chambers at the Arnold Arboretum in Erlenmeyer flasks with distilled water; water was changed every 7–10 days. The bases of cuttings were re-cut at each water change under water to prevent callusing. For 11 of the 28 species, sufficient cuttings were obtained from each individual tree to apply the full set of 12 experimental treatments: 2 temperature (20°C : 10°C warm vs 15°C : 5°C cool)× 2 photoperiod (12 vs 8 h)×3 chilling (no additional chilling, additional 30 d at 4°C, or 30 d at 1.5°C) treatments. For the remaining 17 species, sufficient cuttings were obtained only to apply the temperature and photoperiod treatments, without the additional chilling levels. The total number of cuttings for a given species thus ranged from 24 to 144, depending on presence at each site and application of the chilling treatment. Lighting was a combination of halogen incandescent bulbs and T5HO fluorescent lamps with the lamploft adjusted to provide c. 400 lmol m2 s1 as measured by Apogee QSO-A5E quantum PAR light sensors in each chamber (sensor set to the height of the cuttings). Treatments were rotated across chambers every 2 weeks, as was flask position within chamber, to remove any possible effects of chamber or flask position.
Measurements Phenology of the cuttings was assessed using a BBCH scale, modified for use in trees (Finn et al., 2007, Annals of Applied Biology 151: 127–131.), with observations on each of the 2136 cuttings made every 2–3 d for the course of the 82-d experiment, a total of 48 observation days. The phenological stages assessed in the present study are budburst, defined as beginning of sprouting or bud breaking or shoot emergence (code 07 in Finn et al., 2007) and leafout, defined as first leaves unfolded (code 11 in Finn et al., 2007). Additional stages up to flowering and stem elongation also were recorded, and we provide a photographic guide to help visualize stages across species (Savas et al., 2017). In total, we made over 19 320 phenological observations at the cutting level.
Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research Harvard Forest
324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA
(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu https://ror.org/059cpzx98 pointOfContact The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts. National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210. hf314-01-budburst.csv budburst hf314-01-budburst.csv 2020767 9afdf77ab8aef92956aa46381c9b38d2 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p31/hf314/hf314-01-budburst.csv date observation date YYYY-MM-DD 1 day NA missing value id unique identifier for twig unique identifier for twig NA missing value sp species code, see hf314-04-species-info.csv species code, see hf314-04-species-info.csv NA missing value rep twig replicate number 1 natural NA missing value site site location HF Harvard Forest SH St. Hippolyte, Quebec NA missing value ind identifier for the souce individual plant identifier for the souce individual plant NA missing value treatcode treatment code CS0 cold/short/zero additional chilling CL0 cold/long/zero additional chilling WS0 warm/short/zero additional chilling WL0 warm/long/zero additional chilling NA missing value warm temperature treatment warm warm temperature treatment cool cool temperature treatment photo photoperiod long long photoperiod short short photoperiod NA missing value chill chilling treament chill0 no chilling treatment NA missing value gen genus genus NA missing value term.fl BBCH phenological stage code for terminal flower, if any BBCH phenological stage code for terminal flower, if any NA missing value lat.fl BBCH phenological stage code for lateral flower, if any BBCH phenological stage code for lateral flower, if any NA missing value term.lf BBCH phenological stage code for terminal leaf bud BBCH phenological stage code for terminal leaf bud NA missing value lat.lf BBCH phenological stage code for lateral leaf bud BBCH phenological stage code for lateral leaf bud NA missing value comments additional comments additional comments NA missing value observer initials of person who made the observations initials of person who made the observations NA missing value day numeric day of the experiment number 1 natural NA missing value day.chill numeric day of the experiment, for chill treatment. Day 1 is the day this twig was removed from chilling. number 1 integer NA missing value dayuse numeric day of the experiment corrected for chill treatment for each twig. Day 1 for a given twig ID is the first day it was removed from chilling. number 1 natural NA missing value tleaf numeric BBCH phenological stage code for terminal leaf bud after correcting for any special characters in term.lf numeric BBCH phenological stage code for terminal leaf bud after correcting for any special characters in term.lf NA missing value lleaf numeric BBCH phenological stage code for lateral leaf bud, after correcting for any special characters in lat.lf numeric BBCH phenological stage code for lateral leaf bud, after correcting for any special characters in lat.lf NA missing value 19318 hf314-02-bbch-scale.csv BBCH phenological stage hf314-02-bbch-scale.csv 2741 42e3cbdbf58808d376327ef8fbabec32 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p31/hf314/hf314-02-bbch-scale.csv bbch.code BBCH phenological stage code from Finn et al. 2007 Annals of Applied Biology, doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2007.00159.x BBCH phenological stage code from Finn et al. 2007 Annals of Applied Biology, doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2007.00159.x NA missing value numeric.bbch.code simplified numeric BBCH code used in this study simplified numeric BBCH code used in this study NA missing value principal.growth.stage description of the BBCH phenological stage from Finn et al. description of the BBCH phenological stage from Finn et al. NA missing value principal.growth.stage.description principal growth stage description from Finn et al. principal growth stage description from Finn et al. NA missing value growth.stage.description growth stage description from Finn et al. growth stage description from Finn et al. NA missing value 37 hf314-03-chambers.csv chambers hf314-03-chambers.csv 266 e346eb647a3b0ff516bda763504da58a 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p31/hf314/hf314-03-chambers.csv chamber growth chamber identifier growth chamber identifier NA missing value treatment one of four combinations of cold/warm temperatures and long/short days, and additional chilling treatments one of four combinations of cold/warm temperatures and long/short days, and additional chilling treatments NA missing value day.start hour of day lights began in the growth chamber. Chill treatments were dark. hh:mm 1 minute NA missing value day.end hour of day the lights went off in the growth chamber hh:mm 1 minute NA missing value temp.day temperature during the "day" period celsius 1 natural NA missing value temp.night temperature during the "night" period celsius 1 natural NA missing value humidity humidity set point for treatment chambers (%) dimensionless 1 natural NA missing value co2 CO2 set point for treatment chambers dimensionless 1 natural NA missing value 6 hf314-04-species-info.csv species hf314-04-species-info.csv 1674 a9a89284c72dd91d69c29f779fb44f2f 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p31/hf314/hf314-04-species-info.csv species species full name species full name NA missing value genus genus genus NA missing value sp specific epithet specific epithet NA missing value code code used in this study code used in this study NA missing value common common name, from gobotany.newenglandwild.org common name, from gobotany.newenglandwild.org NA missing value 29 biodiversity plot community regional short-term measurement https://temporalecology.org