uid=HFR,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read doi:10.6073/pasta/add3d561d7812061b0b0509d123db021 Legacies of Historical Clearcutting, Wind and Salvage Logging in Pisgah State Forest 2016 Emma Sass https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2156-5644 Anthony D'Amato https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2570-4376 David Foster https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1171-3762 Walter Branch Researcher Albert Cline Researcher Raymond Daley Researcher Richard Fisher Researcher Thomas Lotti Researcher 2023 English
<para>Disturbance events affect forest composition and structure across a range of spatial and temporal scales, and subsequent forest development may differ after natural, anthropogenic, or compound disturbances. Following large, natural disturbances, salvage logging is a common and often controversial management practice in many regions of the globe. Yet, while the short-term impacts of salvage logging have been studied in many systems, the long-term effects remain unclear. We capitalized on over eighty years of data following an old-growth Tsuga canadensis-Pinus strobus forest in southwestern New Hampshire, USA after the 1938 hurricane, which severely damaged forests across much of New England. To our knowledge, this study provides the longest evaluation of salvage logging impacts, and it highlights developmental trajectories for Tsuga canadensis-Pinus strobus forests under a variety of disturbance histories. Specifically, we examined development from an old-growth condition in 1930 through 2016 across three different disturbance histories: (1) clearcut logging prior to the 1938 hurricane with some subsequent damage by the hurricane (“logged”), (2) severe damage from the 1938 hurricane (“hurricane”), and (3) severe damage from the hurricane followed by salvage logging (“salvaged”). At each site, 2-4 0.05 ha plots were established, and DBH, species, and distance and direction from plot center were recorded for each tree over 10 cm DBH. Stumps and snags were also measured. From the site center, coarse woody material was measured along three 34-m transects using the line-intersect method. Finally, a 1-ha plot was established around the site center, within which all pit-and-mound structures and stumps were recorded as well as boles associated with these structures.</para> </section> </abstract> <keywordSet> <keyword>community composition</keyword> <keyword>hemlock</keyword> <keyword>hurricanes</keyword> <keyword>old growth forests</keyword> <keyword>pine</keyword> <keyword>stand structure</keyword> <keyword>timber harvest</keyword> <keywordThesaurus>LTER controlled vocabulary</keywordThesaurus> </keywordSet> <keywordSet> <keyword>disturbance</keyword> <keyword>land use</keyword> <keyword>human-environment</keyword> <keywordThesaurus>LTER core area</keywordThesaurus> </keywordSet> <keywordSet> <keyword>Harvard Forest</keyword> <keyword>HFR</keyword> <keyword>LTER</keyword> <keyword>USA</keyword> <keywordThesaurus>HFR default</keywordThesaurus> </keywordSet> <intellectualRights> <section> <para>This dataset is released to the public under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (No Rights Reserved). Please keep the dataset creators informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset should include proper acknowledgement.</para> </section> </intellectualRights> <licensed> <licenseName>Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal</licenseName> <url>https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html</url> <identifier>CC0-1.0</identifier> </licensed> <distribution> <online> <url function="information">https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf320</url> </online> </distribution> <coverage> <geographicCoverage> <geographicDescription>Pisgah State Forest (NH). Coordinates based on WGS84 datum.</geographicDescription> <boundingCoordinates> <westBoundingCoordinate>-72.44</westBoundingCoordinate> <eastBoundingCoordinate>-72.44</eastBoundingCoordinate> <northBoundingCoordinate>+42.83</northBoundingCoordinate> <southBoundingCoordinate>+42.83</southBoundingCoordinate> <boundingAltitudes> <altitudeMinimum>215</altitudeMinimum> <altitudeMaximum>400</altitudeMaximum> <altitudeUnits>meter</altitudeUnits> </boundingAltitudes> </boundingCoordinates> </geographicCoverage> <temporalCoverage> <rangeOfDates> <beginDate> <calendarDate>2016</calendarDate> </beginDate> <endDate> <calendarDate>2016</calendarDate> </endDate> </rangeOfDates> </temporalCoverage> <taxonomicCoverage> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Acer</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>pensylvanicum</taxonRankValue> <commonName>striped maple</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>rubrum</taxonRankValue> <commonName>red maple</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>saccharum</taxonRankValue> <commonName>sugar maple</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Betula</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>spp.</taxonRankValue> <commonName>birch</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>alleghaniensis</taxonRankValue> <commonName>yellow birch</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>lenta</taxonRankValue> <commonName>black birch</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>papyrifera</taxonRankValue> <commonName>paper birch</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Castanea</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>dentata</taxonRankValue> <commonName>American chestnut</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Fagus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>grandifolia</taxonRankValue> <commonName>American beech</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Ostrya</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>virginiana</taxonRankValue> <commonName>American hophornbeam</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Pinus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>resinosa</taxonRankValue> <commonName>red pine</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>strobus</taxonRankValue> <commonName>white pine</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Picea</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>rubens</taxonRankValue> <commonName>red spruce</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Populus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>spp.</taxonRankValue> <commonName>poplar</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Prunus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>pensylvanica</taxonRankValue> <commonName>fire cherry</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>serotina</taxonRankValue> <commonName>black cherry</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Quercus</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>spp.</taxonRankValue> <commonName>oak</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>alba</taxonRankValue> <commonName>white oak</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>prinus</taxonRankValue> <commonName>chestnut oak</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>rubra</taxonRankValue> <commonName>red oak</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Tilia</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>americana</taxonRankValue> <commonName>american linden</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>genus</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>Tsuga</taxonRankValue> <taxonomicClassification> <taxonRankName>species</taxonRankName> <taxonRankValue>canadensis</taxonRankValue> <commonName>eastern hemlock</commonName> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicClassification> </taxonomicCoverage> </coverage> <maintenance> <description> <para>complete</para> </description> </maintenance> <contact scope="document"> <positionName>Information Manager</positionName> <organizationName>Harvard Forest</organizationName> <address scope="document"> <deliveryPoint>324 North Main Street</deliveryPoint> <city>Petersham</city> <administrativeArea>MA</administrativeArea> <postalCode>01366</postalCode> <country>USA</country> </address> <phone phonetype="voice">(978) 724-3302</phone> <electronicMailAddress>hf-im@lists.fas.harvard.edu</electronicMailAddress> </contact> <publisher scope="document"> <organizationName>Harvard Forest</organizationName> <address scope="document"> <deliveryPoint>324 North Main Street</deliveryPoint> <city>Petersham</city> <administrativeArea>MA</administrativeArea> <postalCode>01366</postalCode> <country>USA</country> </address> <phone phonetype="voice">(978) 724-3302</phone> <phone phonetype="fax">(978) 724-3595</phone> <onlineUrl>https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu</onlineUrl> </publisher> <methods> <methodStep> <description> <section> <title/> <para>In the summer of 2016, study sites were located in the approximate position of Branch et al.’s (1930) plots to determine the change over time. The Harvard Tract was severely damaged by the 1938 hurricane and was not salvaged; a study site there represented the trajectory of severe natural disturbance. Of the areas that were logged prior to the hurricane or salvage logged after the hurricane, we selected sites that had pre-disturbance composition similar to the Harvard Tract (i.e. dominated by hemlock or pine; Branch et al. 1930). Similarly, in order to control for natural disturbance severity between salvaged and non- salvaged treatments, we selected sites in the salvaged areas that were severely damaged by the hurricane (Foster 1988). Topography and soil type were not explicitly accounted for in the site selection process. From these criteria, 6 salvaged and 7 logged sites were selected. Prior to the 1938 hurricane, 14 plots were established in the Harvard Tract, which were remeasured as one site in 2016 given the relatively small size of the Tract.</para> <para>At each site, 2–4 0.05 ha plots were evenly distributed 25 m from the site center, which was determined as the point closest to the original plots established in the 1930 surveys (Branch et al. 1930). At each plot, DBH and species were recorded for all live trees over 10 cm DBH. For stumps (height less than 1.3 m), diameter at the tallest solid point was taken and decay class was recorded. Decay classification followed USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis guidelines (Sollins 1982) using a 5-class system, primarily determined by structural integrity, branch and twig presence, and level of rot and invading roots. For snags (height ≥ 1.3 m), DBH, height, and fragmentation class were recorded (Tyrrell and Crow 1994). Live and dead trees were identified to species or to the lowest taxonomic rank when species was unidentifiable.</para> <para>Downed coarse woody material ≥10cm in diameter was measured using the line intersect method with three 34 m transects established radiating from the site center at 0°, 120°, and 240° (Harmon and Sexton 1996). Diameter, species, and decay class were noted for all intersected pieces.</para> <para>Surrounding each site center we established 1-ha plots to quantify microtopography and to document evidence of pre-hurricane logging and post-hurricane salvage logging. These larger plots encompassed all 0.05 ha plots within a site and were systematically surveyed along adjacent transects to ensure coverage of the entire ha; stumps, pit and mound structures, and all boles associated with these structures were tallied. The height of pit and mound structures was measured as the difference between the top of the mound and the deepest part of the pit. For each stump, we recorded species, decay class, and angle from vertical.</para> </section> <section> <title>Methods citations Branch, W.C., Daley, R.K., Lotti, T., 1930. Life History of the Climax Forest on the Pisgah Tract, Winchester. Harvard University, New Hampshire. Foster, D.R., 1988. Disturbance history, community organization and vegetation dynamics of the old-growth Pisgah Forest, south-western New Hampshire, U.S.A. J. Ecol. 76, 105–132. Sollins, P., 1982. Input and decay of coarse woody debris in coniferous stands in western Oregon and Washington. Can. J. For. Res. 12, 18–28. Tyrrell, L.E., Crow, T.R., 1994. Structural characteristics of old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests in relation to age. Ecology 75, 370–386.
Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research Harvard Forest
324 North Main Street Petersham MA 01366 USA
(978) 724-3302 (978) 724-3595 https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu https://ror.org/059cpzx98 pointOfContact The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts. National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210. hf320-01-overstory.csv overstory data hf320-01-overstory.csv 120442 86c5be24d3c749f58bca583687388b37 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p32/hf320/hf320-01-overstory.csv date date of measurement YYYY-MM-DD 1 day NA missing value site site location. “og” = old-growth (Branch, Daley, and Lotti’s “Old-growth Plots” (1930)); “lg” = logged (Branch, Daley, and Lotti’s “Stump Plots” (1930)); “ht” = Harvard Tract site location NA missing value plot location of plot from site center (2-4 plots per site) location of plot from site center (2-4 plots per site) NA missing value tree.id individual tree number for each tree in the plot individual tree number for each tree in the plot NA missing value species species code acpe Acer pensylvanicum acru Acer rubrum acsa Acer saccharum ang angiosperm beal Betula alleghaniensis bele Betula lenta bepa Betual papyrifera betula Betula spp. con conifer fagr Fagus grandifolia fram Fraxinus americana osvi Ostrya virginiana pire Pinus resinosa piru Picea rubens pist Pinus strobus prse Prunus serotina qual Quercus alba qupr Quercus prinus quru Quercus rubra tsca Tsuga canadensis NA missing value dbh.cm diameter at breast height centimeter 0.1 real NA missing value degree location of tree - angle from plot center degree 0.01 real NA missing value distance location of tree - distance from plot center meter 0.01 real NA missing value live whether tree is live or dead 0 dead 1 live NA missing value snag.cl fragmentation class (1-3), if snag (dead tree ≥ 1.3 m tall) fragmentation class (1-3), if snag (dead tree ≥ 1.3 m tall) NA missing value stump.cl decay class (1-5), if stump (dead tree under 1.3 m tall) decay class (1-5), if stump (dead tree under 1.3 m tall) NA missing value height.m height of snag meter 0.01 real NA missing value 2315 hf320-02-cwd.csv cwd data hf320-02-cwd.csv 3900 88ac544dcf7b186335aecd2b566ddddf 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p32/hf320/hf320-02-cwd.csv date date of measurement YYYY-MM-DD 1 day NA missing value site site location. “og” = old-growth (Branch, Daley, and Lotti’s “Old-growth Plots” (1930)); “lg” = logged (Branch, Daley, and Lotti’s “Stump Plots” (1930)); “ht” = Harvard Tract site location NA missing value direction direction of transect from site center degree 1 whole NA missing value distance distance piece was measured along transect (34m in each direction) meter 0.01 real NA missing value diameter diameter at intersection of dead wood with transect. Minimum size is 10cm. centimeter 0.1 real NA missing value species species code acru Acer rubrum ang angiosperm beal Betula alleghaniensis bele Betula lenta bepa Betual papyrifera con conifer fagr Fagus grandifolia pist Pinus strobus quru Quercus rubra tsca Tsuga canadensis NA missing value decay.cl decay class (1-5) decay class (1-5) NA missing value azimuth direction that the wood piece fell degree 1 whole NA missing value 96 hf320-03-microtopo.csv microtopo data hf320-03-microtopo.csv 85065 c5b739388292a9603d7f48662be726eb 1 \r\n column , https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p32/hf320/hf320-03-microtopo.csv date date of measurement YYYY-MM-DD NA missing value site site location. “og” = old-growth (Branch, Daley, and Lotti’s “Old-growth Plots” (1930)); “lg” = logged (Branch, Daley, and Lotti’s “Stump Plots” (1930)); “ht” = Harvard Tract site location NA missing value complex number of the structure at the site number of the structure at the site NA missing value stump if the complex includes a stump 0 no 1 yes NA missing value species.stump species of the stump acru Acer rubrum acer Acer spp. ang angiosperm beal Betula alleghaniensis bele Betula lenta bepa Betual papyrifera betula Betula spp. con conifer fagr Fagus grandifolia fram Fraxinus americana piri Picea rigida pist Pinus strobus qual Quercus alba quru Quercus rubra quercus Quercus spp. tsca Tsuga canadensis unk unknown NA missing value angle.stump angle of the stump from vertical. td=too decayed to determine an angle angle of the stump from vertical. td=too decayed to determine an angle NA missing value decay.cl.stump decay class of the stump (1-5) decay class of the stump (1-5) NA missing value pit.mound if the complex includes a pit-mound structure 0 no 1 yes NA missing value size.pm size of pit-mound structure in centimeters (measured as the difference between the depth of the pit and the highest point of the mound) centimeter 1 whole NA missing value bole if the complex included a tree bole 0 no 1 yes Free text (unrestricted) .* NA missing value species.bole species of the tree bole acru Acer rubrum acer Acer spp. ang angiosperm beal Betula alleghaniensis bele Betula lenta bepa Betual papyrifera betula Betula spp. con conifer cade Castanea dentata fagr Fagus grandifolia fram Fraxinus americana piri Pinus rigida pist Pinus strobus qual Quercus alba quru Quercus rubra tsca Tsuga canadensis unk unknown NA missing value decay.cl.bole decay class of the bole (1-5) decay class of the bole (1-5) NA missing value angle.bole angle of the bole degree 1 whole NA missing value 1763 conservation historical long-term measurement https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf307