Harvard Forest

Data Archive

HF422

Impacts of Phloem Chilling and Compression on Mature White Pine at Harvard Forest 2018

Related Publications

Data

• hf422-01: allometric data (preview)
• hf422-02: nonstructural carbon data (preview)
• hf422-03: respiration data (preview)
• hf422-04: water potential data (preview)
• hf422-05: anatomical data (preview)
• hf422-06: temperature data (preview)

Overview

• Lead: Tim Rademacher
• Investigators: Andrew Richardson, Mark VanScoy
• Contact: Information Manager
• Start date: 2018
• End date: 2019
• Status: complete
• Location: Prospect Hill Tract (Harvard Forest)
• Latitude: +42.51 degrees
• Longitude: -72.22 degrees
• Elevation: 340 meter
• Datum: WGS84
• Taxa: Pinus strobus
• Release date: 2023
• Language: English
• EML file: knb-lter-hfr.422.2
• DOI: digital object identifier
• EDI: data package
• DataONE: data package
• Related links:
• Density Anomalies in White Pine at Harvard Forest 2019
• White Pine Girdling and Compression Experiment at Harvard Forest 2017-2019
• Nonstructural Carbon, Phenology and Wood Formation in Three Tree Species at Harvard Forest 2017-2019
• Impacts of Phloem Chilling on Mature Red Maples at Harvard Forest 2019
• Tree samples
• Source code repository on GitHub
• WIAD: Wood Image Analysis and Dataset
• Study type: short-term measurement
• Research topic: forest-atmosphere exchange; large experiments and permanent plot studies; physiological ecology, population dynamics and species interactions
• LTER core area: primary production
• Keywords: aboveground biomass, carbohydrates, carbon, pine, respiration, tree growth, tree physiology, tree rings, wood
• Abstract:

  Wood formation is a crucial process for carbon sequestration on land, yet how variations in phloem-transported carbon and temperature affect wood formation, respiration and nonstructural carbon pools remains poorly understood.

  To better understand the role of carbon supply on allocation to wood formation, we constrained phloem transport using compression and chilling around the stem of 15 mature white pines to monitor the effects of contrasting carbon supply (enriched above and reduced below the manipulations) on local wood formation and respiration, as well as on nonstructural carbon pools in stems and roots.

  This data set contains all data measured during the experiment. This includes wood anatomical, xylogenetic, dendrochronological, stem CO2 efflux, and nonstructural carbon measurements in coarse roots and stems, as well as pre-dawn water potential measurements of needles and branches. Furthermore, we provide basic allometric measurements for all trees. The code to process these data and reproduce our results is available at https://github.com/TTRademacher/Exp2018Analysis. For more details pertaining to the methods see Rademacher et al. (2021) and contact the investigator.

• Methods:

  All trees were monitored throughout the growing season from the first week of May to mid-November including weekly characterisations of tree-ring formation and stem CO2 efflux, and biweekly stem and roots tissue analysis for nonstructural carbon content (soluble sugars and starch). Additionally, tree water status was measured weekly towards the end of the growing season.

  Wood formation and anatomy

  Tree-ring growth was characterised from stem microcores collected at up to six sampling heights on the stem with a Trephor (Rossi et al., 2006) starting in the beginning of May and ending in late autumn with one follow-up sample collected on the 24 Sep 2019. Ring widths were measured using the self-developed Wood Image Analysis and Database platform on microsection images captured using a digital slide-scanner (Zeiss Axio Scan.Z1, Germany) with a resolution of roughly 1.5 pixels per micrometer. Tracheid anatomical characteristics (e.g., averages of lumen width and cell-wall area over 20 micrometer-wide tangential bands) were obtained using ROXAS 3.0.285 (von Arx and Carrer, 2014) from the November 2018 and September 2019 microsections.

  Stem respiration

  Starting in May, an infrared gas analyser (LI-820, LI-COR, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) with a circulating pump was attached to stem respiration chambers using a lid with two ports to constantly circulate air through the closed system (Carbone et al., 2019). The chamber CO2 concentration was measured at 1 Hz for at least one minute. The raw stem CO2 efflux and uncertainties were estimated using the RespChamberProc package (http://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/respchamberproc/) as developed by Perez-Priego et al. (2015).

  Nonstructural carbon

  Soluble sugar and starch concentrations in coarse roots and stems were determined from tissue samples collected every second week throughout most of the growing season. Coarse roots (at least 20 cm below the root collar) and stems were cored using a 5.15 mm increment borer (Haglof Company Group, Langsele, Sweden). About 40 mg of finely ground and dried powder for all tissue, tree and sampling date combinations was analysed following the protocol by Furze et al. (2018) using a colourimetric assay with phenol-sulphuric acid after ethanol extraction. Each batch of samples included about 40 samples, at least eight blanks - both tube and sample blanks – a 12 laboratory control standards of either red oak stem wood (Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts, USA) or potato starch (Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Absorbance for each batch were calibrated using a 1:1:1 glucose:fructose:galactose (Sigma Chemicals, St Louis, Missouri, USA) standard curve values using the self-developed R-package NSCprocessR (https://github.comTTRademacher/NSCprocessR) to converted sample absorbances to concentrations in % dry weight and uncertainties.

  Water potential

  Pre-dawn needle and branch water potential were measured with a pressure chamber (Model 600, PMS Instruments, Albany, Oregon, USA) once per week for the late growing season of 2018 and twice in the two following years.

  For each measurement, two branch tips per tree were cut, sealed in air-tight plastic bags for transport. Initial tests showed that water potential could be determined accurately up to 20 minutes after cutting the tissue. Within 20 minutes of harvest, water potential was determined after re-cutting the tissue. Observed needle and branch water potential did not differ among treatments during the duration of the experiment or in the remaining growing season.

  For more details pertaining to the methods see Rademacher et al. (2021).

• Organization: Harvard Forest. 324 North Main Street, Petersham, MA 01366, USA. Phone (978) 724-3302. Fax (978) 724-3595.

• Project: The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts. (ROR).

• Funding: National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210.

• Use: This dataset is released to the public under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (No Rights Reserved). Please keep the dataset creators informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset should include proper acknowledgement.

• License: Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal (CC0-1.0)

• Citation: Rademacher T. 2023. Impacts of Phloem Chilling and Compression on Mature White Pine at Harvard Forest 2018. Harvard Forest Data Archive: HF422 (v.2). Environmental Data Initiative: https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/fb84f49e1234c06855b27564f89795aa.

Detailed Metadata

hf422-01: allometric data

1. year: year of study
2. tree: tree identifier
3. previous.ID: previous tree identifier
4. treatment: treatment group
   • 1: control
   • 4: double compressed
   • 5: chilled
5. c50: circumference at 50 cm above the ground (unit: centimeter / missing value: NA)
6. d50: diameter at 50 cm above the ground (unit: centimeter / missing value: NA)
7. c150: circumference at 150 cm above the ground (unit: centimeter / missing value: NA)
8. d150: diameter at 150 cm above the ground (unit: centimeter / missing value: NA)
9. c250: circumference at 250 cm above the ground (unit: centimeter / missing value: NA)
10. d250: diameter at 250 cm above the ground (unit: centimeter / missing value: NA)
11. h1: first height of the tree as measured with a hypsometer (unit: meter / missing value: NA)
12. h2: second height of the tree as measured with a hypsometer (unit: meter / missing value: NA)
13. h3: third height of the tree as measured with a hypsometer (unit: meter / missing value: NA)
14. tree.height.2018: mean of h1, h2, and h3 (unit: meter / missing value: NA)
15. social.status: measure of height of the tree relative to surrounding trees with co-dominant trees having a significant share of the canopy layer and suppressed trees having a small or no share in the main canopy
16. comments: comments
17. file.ring.width.1: name of the first file with ring width measurements performed using WIAD
18. file.ring.width.2: name of the second file with ring width measurements performed using WIAD
19. file.ring.width.3: name of the third file with ring width measurements performed using WIAD

hf422-02: nonstructural carbon data

1. sample.type: type of sample
2. rc.lab.number: internal identification number for the Richardson and Carbone Lab
3. sample.id: sample identifier
4. tissue: tissue type
5. batch.id: batch identifier
6. sample.location: location where sample was collected
7. date.of.sample.collection: date the sample was collected
8. date.of.sugar.analysis: date the sugar extraction and anaylsis was done
9. date.of.starch.analysis: date the starch extraction and analysis was done
10. mass.of.empty.tube: mass of empty tube (unit: gram / missing value: NA)
11. mass.of.tube.and.sample: mass of tube with the sample (unit: gram / missing value: NA)
12. absorbance490.1: first absorbance value read at 490 nm (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
13. absorbance490.2: second absorbance value read at 490 nm (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
14. absorbance490.blank: absorbance value at 490 nm for the blank (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
15. absorbance525.1: first absorbance value read at 525 nm (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
16. absorbance525.2: second absorbance value read at 525 nm (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
17. dilution.factor.sugar: factor by which the sugar extract was diluted (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
18. volume.sugar: volume of the sugar extract (unit: milliliter / missing value: NA)
19. dilution.factor.starch: factor by which the starch extract was diluted (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
20. volume.starch: volume of the starch extract (unit: milliliter / missing value: NA)
21. comments: comments

hf422-03: respiration data

1. file: name of the raw data file
2. study: name of the study group
3. treatment: treatment group
   • 1: control
   • 4: double compressed
   • 5: chilled
4. tree: tree identifier
5. species: tree species
6. chamber: chamber identifier
   • 1: 0.5 m above the ground
   • 2: 1.5 m above the ground
   • 3: 2.5 m above the ground
7. chamber.volume: volume of the respiration chamber (unit: cubicMeter / missing value: NA)
8. chamber.area: stem surface area covered by the chamber (unit: squareMeter / missing value: NA)
9. datetime: time stamp of when the measurement started
10. session: identifier for the session of respiration measurements
11. flux.raw: mean respiratory flux from this chamber (unit: micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond / missing value: NA)
12. sd.flux.raw: standard deviation of the respiratory flux from this chamber (unit: micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond / missing value: NA)
13. aic.raw: Akaike Information Criterion of model fitted to respiration curve (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
14. r2.raw: R2 of fit to the respiration curve after correction for water vapour dilution using atmospheric humidity (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
15. flux.atm: mean respiratory flux after correction for water vapour dilution using internal humidity from this chamber (unit: micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond / missing value: NA)
16. sd.flux.atm: standard deviation of the respiratory flux after correction for water vapour dilution using atmospheric humidity from this chamber (unit: micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond / missing value: NA)
17. aic.atm: Akaike Information Criterion of model fitted to respiration curve after correction for water vapour dilution using atmospheric humidity (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
18. r2.atm: R2 of fit to the respiration curve after correction for water vapour dilution using atmospheric humidity (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
19. flux.int: mean respiratory flux after correction for water vapour dilution using internal humidity from this chamber (unit: micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond / missing value: NA)
20. sd.flux.int: standard deviation of the respiratory flux after correction for water vapour dilution using internal humidity from this chamber (unit: micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond / missing value: NA)
21. aic.int: Akaike Information Criterion of model fitted to respiration curve after correction for water vapour dilution using internal humidity (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
22. r2.int: R2 of fit to the respiration curve after correction for water vapour dilution using internal humidity (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
23. ea.pa: atmospheric pressure from the Fisher meteorological station (unit: pascal / missing value: NA)
24. airt.c: surface air temperature from the Fisher meteorological station (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
25. soilt1.c: soil temperature at 2.25 cm near the Barn Tower (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
26. soilt2.c: soil temperature at 6.8 cm near the Barn Tower (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
27. soilt3.c: soil temperature at 12.85 cm near the Barn Tower (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
28. soilt4.c: soil temperature at 22.75 cm near the Barn Tower (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
29. pres.pa: atmospheric barometric pressure from the Fisher Meteorological station (unit: pascal / missing value: NA)
30. h2o.ppt.atm: atmospheric humidity from the Fisher meteorological station (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
31. h2o.ppt.int: internal atmospheric humidity from the Li-Cor 840 (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
32. vwc.daily: daily mean volumetric water content from probes at the Barn Tower (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
33. vwc1: 10-minute mean volumetric water content at 2.25 cm near the Barn Tower (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
34. vwc2: 10-minute mean volumetric water content at 6.8 cm near the Barn Tower (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
35. vwc3: 10-minute mean volumetric water content at 12.85 cm near the Barn Tower (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
36. vwc4: 10-minute mean volumetric water content at 22.75 cm near the Barn Tower (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
37. total.rad: total downwelling shortwave radiation at top of Barn Tower (unit: wattPerMeterSquared / missing value: NA)
38. diffuse.rad: diffuse downwelling shortwave radiation at top of Barn Tower (unit: wattPerMeterSquared / missing value: NA)

hf422-04: water potential data

1. date: date of measurement
2. tree: tree identifier
3. treatment: treatment
   • 1: control
   • 5: chilled
4. phi.branch: mean pre-dawn branch water potential out of three measurements (unit: megapascal / missing value: NA)
5. phi.needles: mean pre-dawn needle water potential out of three measurements (unit: megapascal / missing value: NA)

hf422-05: anatomical data

1. YEAR: year of formation of the ring that contains the band
2. WOODID: tree identifier including the position of the microcore on the tree (see POS), when the position is ambiguous
3. IMAGE: file name of the analysed image
4. RADDISTR.BAND: radial position of the band (unit: micrometer / missing value: NA)
5. RRADDISTR: radial position of the band as percentage of the fully formed ring width (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
6. MRW: mean ring width (unit: micrometer / missing value: NA)
7. LA: mean lumen area (unit: micrometerSquared / missing value: NA)
8. TCA: mean total cell area (unit: micrometerSquared / missing value: NA)
9. DRAD: radial lumen diameter (unit: micrometerSquared / missing value: NA)
10. DTAN: tangential lumen diameter (unit: micrometer / missing value: NA)
11. CWA: cell-wall area in the band (unit: micrometerSquared / missing value: NA)
12. CWAACC: cumulative cell-wall area (unit: micrometerSquared / missing value: NA)
13. CWTALL: mean cell-wall thickness (unit: micrometer / missing value: NA)
14. CWTALL.ADJ: mean cell-wall thickness of all adjacent cell walls (unit: micrometer / missing value: NA)
15. CWTTAN: tangential cell-wall thickness (unit: micrometer / missing value: NA)
16. CWTRAD: radial cell-wall thickness (unit: micrometer / missing value: NA)
17. KH: hydraulic constant (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
18. EWW: earlywood width (unit: micrometer / missing value: NA)
19. LWW: latewood width (unit: micrometer / missing value: NA)
20. EWLW.BAND: radial position of the first band identified as latewood (unit: micrometer / missing value: NA)
21. EWLW.RPOS: radial position of the earlywood to latewood boundary in the ring as percent of the fully formed ring (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
22. EWLW.ID: whether the wood is earlywood or latewood
23. YR.RRADDISTR.BAND: radial position of the band as a decimal value of the year
24. RADDIST.CONT: continuous radial position from the first ring (unit: micrometer / missing value: NA)
25. X.LABEL: x-axis label from ROXAS
26. TREE: tree identifier
27. PLOT: treatment group
    • 1: control
    • 4: double compressed
    • 5: double chilled
28. POS: height of microcore on stem
    • I: 0.5 m
    • II.5: 1.0 m
    • II: 1.5 m
    • III.5: 2.0 m
    • III: 2.5 m
    • IV: 4.0 m
29. sampleHeight: height of microcore on stem (unit: meter / missing value: NA)
30. sampleDate: date on which the microcore was collected, which this data was derived from
31. period: estimated date of formation of this ring sector as POSIX integer with an origin 01-01-1990
32. cellRadWidth: total cell radial width (unit: micrometer / missing value: NA)
33. cellTanWidth: total cell tangential width (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
34. nCells: number of cells in this ring sector (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
35. cumNCells: cumulative number of cells formed by this date (unit: micrometerSquared / missing value: NA)
36. cumCWA: cumulative cell-wall area of the ring until this sector (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
37. treatment: experimental treatment, which can be “chilled”, “compressed”, or “control”
38. exPeriod: period of formation of this ring sector in relationship to the experiment, which can be “2017” for the previous year ring, “before” for everything that was estimated to grow before the experiment, “during” for everything that was estimated to have grown during the experiment, and “after” for everything that was estimated to have grown after the experiment

hf422-06: temperature data

1. datetime: date and time of measurement
2. record: number of record
3. u.battery: battery voltage of data logger (unit: dimensionless / missing value: NA)
4. t.panel: temperature of data logger (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
5. t.oak.1p5m: control air temperature at 1.5 m on a neighbouring oak tree (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
6. t.01.l4: temperature at the top of upper loop on tree 01 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
7. t.01.l3: temperature at the bottom of upper loop on tree 01 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
8. t.01.l2: temperature at the top of lower loop on tree 01 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
9. t.01.l1: temperature at the bottom of lower loop on tree 01 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
10. t.02.l4: temperature at the top of upper loop on tree 02 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
11. t.02.l3: temperature at the bottom of upper loop on tree 02 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
12. t.02.l2: temperature at the top of lower loop on tree 02 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
13. t.02.l1: temperature at the bottom of lower loop on tree 02 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
14. t.03.l4: temperature at the top of upper loop on tree 03 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
15. t.03.l3: temperature at the bottom of upper loop on tree 03 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
16. t.03.l2: temperature at the top of lower loop on tree 03 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
17. t.03.l1: temperature at the bottom of lower loop on tree 03 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
18. t.04.l4: temperature at the top of upper loop on tree 04 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
19. t.04.l3: temperature at the bottom of upper loop on tree 04 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
20. t.04.l2: temperature at the top of lower loop on tree 04 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
21. t.04.l1: temperature at the bottom of lower loop on tree 04 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
22. t.05.l4: temperature at the top of upper loop on tree 05 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
23. t.05.l3: temperature at the bottom of upper loop on tree 05 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
24. t.05.l2: temperature at the top of lower loop on tree 05 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
25. t.05.l1: temperature at the bottom of lower loop on tree 05 (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
26. t.end.of.line.01.blue.tape: temperature at far end of second chilling loop near tree 01; which was marked by blue tape (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
27. t.end.of.line.03.red.tape: temperature at far end of first chilling loop near tree 01; which was marked by red tape (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
28. t.line.backflow: temperature of the backflow line at the chiller (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
29. t.line.outflow: temperature of the outflow at the chiller (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
30. t.air.2p0m: air temperature under the canopy at 2.0m measured near stem of oak tree with dendrometers on it (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
31. t.01.2p0m: phloem temperature at 2.0m for tree 01; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
32. t.01.1p5m: phloem temperature at 1.5m for tree 01; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
33. t.01.1p0m: phloem temperature at 1.0m for tree 01; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
34. t.02.2p0m: phloem temperature at 2.0m for tree 02; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
35. t.02.1p5m: phloem temperature at 1.5m for tree 02; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
36. t.02.1p0m: phloem temperature at 1.0m for tree 02; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
37. t.03.2p0m: phloem temperature at 2.0m for tree 03; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
38. t.03.1p5m: phloem temperature at 1.5m for tree 03; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
39. t.03.1p0m: phloem temperature at 1.0m for tree 03; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
40. t.04.2p0m: phloem temperature at 2.0m for tree 04; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
41. t.04.1p5m: phloem temperature at 1.5m for tree 04; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
42. t.04.1p0m: phloem temperature at 1.0m for tree 04; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
43. t.05.2p0m: phloem temperature at 2.0m for tree 05; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
44. t.05.1p5m: phloem temperature at 1.5m for tree 05; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
45. t.05.1p0m: phloem temperature at 1.0m for tree 05; which was chilled (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
46. t.06.1p5m: phloem temperature at 1.5m for tree 06; which was compressed (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
47. t.07.1p5m: phloem temperature at 1.5m for tree 07; which was compressed (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
48. t.07.1p5m.air: air temperature outside the bark at 1.5m for tree 07; which was compressed (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
49. t.08.1p5m: phloem temperature at 1.5m for tree 08; which was compressed (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
50. t.08.1p5m.air: air temperature outside the bark at 1.5m for tree 08; which was compressed (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)
51. t.10.1p5m: phloem temperature at 1.5m for tree 10; which was compressed (unit: celsius / missing value: NA)